英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(1)

一.含义分析

分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词 ”(unattached participle)。例如:

(1)Getting down from the bus,my ankle was sprained.

(2)Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me.

由悬垂结构造成的错误

(1)悬垂分词

误: Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.

正: It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.

正: As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.

因为是星期天,他们去野餐了。

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(2)

(2)悬垂不定式

误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.

正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.

一个人要想正确地游泳,那么就必须参加游泳课程学习。

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(3)

(3)悬垂简式从句

误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.

正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.

当他还是一名中学生时,他的父母对他非常严格。

二.垂悬结构的应用和转换

一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:

Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.

他打开抽屉,拿出一把左轮手枪。

其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:

George yawning,the conversation dropped.

乔治打了个哈欠,谈话中断了。

这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。

但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:

Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。

Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。

这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(dangling participle),也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(mistreated participle)。

垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。

三.垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。

本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。

1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:

When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.

在餐厅用餐时,需要穿夹克和打领带。

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(4)

2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:

Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.

圣诞节期间,政府办公室关闭。

3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:

The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over.

警报声响起,表明空袭结束了。

Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.

他最亲密的顾问并不知道,他曾与一名敌方使者秘密谈判。

4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:

When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.

安装锅炉时,可用的地板空间非常重要。

When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development,the therapy consists,in part,of discussions of the patients' problems with patients and teachers,with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.

在治疗语言发育迟缓和语言发展偏差患者时,治疗部分包括与患者和教师讨论患者的问题,随后由他们进行语言教学。

5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunction),表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况:

a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:

Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.

回到我们的故事,公主被杀了。

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(5)

Coming to this question,I say no.

说到这个问题,我说不。

b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:

putting it mildly,frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,biologically speaking等,请看例句:

Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.

委婉地说,你给我们带来了一些不便。

Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.

一般来说,狗比猫对人更忠诚。

c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from/by,according to,considering,viewing it from,seeing,例如:

Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.

从他的表情判断,他心情不好。

According to Barthes,the author had died.

根据巴特的说法,作者已经去世。

Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.

考虑到价格低廉,这辆车值得买。

d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided(that),supposing,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:

Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.

前提是(只要)一部电影有娱乐性,很少有人关心它的其他优点。

Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something.

只要谨慎和耐心,任何人都能取得成就。

Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.

如果这是真的,他肯定是凶手。

e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,considering(that),assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,notwithstanding,请看例句:

Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.

考虑到这些不足之处,这场演出是成功的。

Granted(=Granting)that you are right,you should not get angry.

就算你是对的,你也不应该生气。

Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.

就算他喝醉了,那也不是借口。

Notwithstanding the heat of the sun we must go out.

尽管烈日当空、气温炎热,我们还得外出。

Notwithstanding some major financial problems, the school has had a successful year.

虽然有些重大的经费问题,这所学校一年来还是很成功。

f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,excepted,saving that,意思为“除了……”;including,counting,setting aside,leaving...to one side,意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等,请看例句:

Barring(=bating)this point,I agree with you.

除此之外,我同意你的意见。

There are fifteen students counting me.

算上我有十五个学生。

Setting aside the question of capital,this business has many other problems.

撇开资金问题不谈,这项业务还有许多其他问题。

以上列举的垂悬分词,我们可以得到一个总体印象:垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致,但一旦被言语社团成员所接受,便成为正确英语;由于其产生的特殊性,及其使用场合的有限性,垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些,也就是说,垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待,如上文中的generally speaking,frankly speaking,judging from ,coming to details等。

另外,从词性角度来看,有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词,失去了动词的本性,已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有:considering,counting,including,barring,bating,excepting,excepted,concerning,regarding,respecting,touching,wanting,failing,pending,saving等等,例如:

Considering its cost,this machine is not worth buying.

考虑到成本,这台机器不值得买。

He asked me questions concerning my health.

他问了我有关健康的问题。

Pending a report from Rancy,we'll proceed as planned.

在兰奇报告之前,我们会按计划进行。

I know nothing respecting that girl.

我对那个女孩一无所知。

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(6)

已变成连词的垂悬分词有:providing(that),provided(that),saving,notwithstanding,seeing,considering,granting,granted,admitting,assuming,allowing,supposing等等。例句:

He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young.

尽管他很年轻,但他很谨慎。

Granting that he has made a mistake,he is not to blame.

就算他犯了错误,也不该怪他。

总之,垂悬分词与一般分词不一样,是一种超常规的语言现象,但其用途与形式相对固定,应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限,英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象,另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词(遵循主谓一致原则)模仿垂悬分词使用,因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系,违反了主谓一致原则。建议初学者了解即可,不必模仿;英语牛人在写作和运用时可以随便得瑟。

(材料整理来源于网络)

英语怎么改写悬垂结构(英语垂悬结构解析)(7)

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