太阳能电池板怎么检测电压（火腿课堂想用太阳能板供电CQ）

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Via SouthGateAmateur Radio News

编译：BD7TQ

RF pollution from solar panels

来自太阳能板的射频电磁污染

太阳能装置往往会带来一些无线电干扰电波污染通信环境的问题。

太阳能电池板装置的电力系统必须强制符合EMC标准（电磁兼容性标准）。这意味着，太阳能电力系统是一个受限制电磁辐射的系统，例如像太阳能板的连接线，逆变器的电缆都有可能辐射电磁场能量（EMF）。但是，这些连接线射频辐射并没有超出要求的限制，这一点已经由14个欧洲国家参加的EMC管理联合工作组在2014年的研究中证实了。

关于CE标志

当一个太阳能板驱动器(指逆变器驱动)符合国际和欧盟的电磁兼容标准后，制造商就将贴上CE的标志。这意味着该产品符合欧盟法规包括电磁兼容的指标要求。CE代表着欧盟认证。产品上的一个CE标志并不意味着测试机构做过相应的测量。但它不只是一个标签，因为制造商，进口商和安装者都必须对这个太阳能驱动器符合电磁兼容法规承担相应的责任。

但是在被检查的太阳能驱动器中，只有33%的驱动器符合欧盟的电磁兼容标准。更不幸的是，在实际情况中，这些太阳能电池板装置还出现安装错的情况。只有33%的被调查的太阳能电池板逆变器是并网发电，并符合2014年欧盟的电磁兼容辐射要求。

情况没有得到改善

这种情况几乎没有改善，事实证明，无线电爱好者越来越多地受到来自太阳能电池板装置的干扰。干扰部分的强度表现为一种很严重的嗡嗡声，而且一直非常的强。这些强干扰的电磁信号覆盖了大部分的业余无线电频率段，让无线电爱好者完全不能接收到需要的信号。

只有业余无线电信号被干扰吗？

接收干扰问题不仅局限于业余无线电爱好者。其他频率使用者也受到很大可困扰。这包括你的汽车车报警、自动气象站、家庭自动化装置、无线音箱、家用报警器的遥控，车库开启器等等。

是什么原因导致的无线电干扰？

为了把太阳能电池板的输出直流电压转换普通家庭使用的交流电，需要一个叫逆变器的装置。逆变器利用了电磁场交替转换来完成这一个变化过程，这是一个普通的物理原理，我们接收短波，中波，调频电台电波的信号也是利用了这一原理。欧盟的允许低于可接受的EMF辐射范围内逆变器的使用。所有这些标准、要求都有统一的欧盟标准。通过在逆变器中巧妙地使用滤波方法可以降低辐射干扰，或者把逆变器的部分电路给完全屏蔽起来，这些措施都可以将干扰辐射降低到一个可接受的水平。此外，即使逆变器转换装置符合了规定的辐射要求，在实际使用过程中因不合理的安装也会导致不必要的无线电干扰辐射。

可能导致二次干扰的情况

生产商为了节约成本，保持竞争优势，生产商很可能选择一个不达标的滤波器制造商。反复的测试和电磁兼容测量费用对生产商来说也是非常是贵的，因此工厂、生产商，进口商，有时省略电磁兼容的测试，尽管在逆变器上的有CE的标志！但是CE标志只是一个标志，并不是我们所想象的那样做过严格的电磁兼容测试。

只有9%的被调查的逆变器满足所有标准要求

根据以知的研究表明，只有可怜的9%的受调查转换器符合所有的要求标准（进行技术测量和相关的文件审查）。对于作者来说，这是一个非常严肃而且特别令人担忧的事情。

如何避免无线电干扰

如果你或你的邻居在太阳能电池板发电上做了投资，但如何避免这类太阳能逆变器的无线电干扰呢？你要积极的要求你的工程商提供欧盟的逆变器商家，如果出现电磁兼容问题你的工程商和该商家愿意充分的积极配合解决问题。这意味着，太阳能装置将产生最低的EMF辐射，对业余无线电爱好者或其他用户不会产生任何问题。但任何情况下，百分之百的避免干扰时完全不可能，即使是该太阳能系统完全符合所有的标准。

业余无线电爱好者来帮忙救援

如果你认为你的太阳能电池板发电装置可能造成你家的电器出现一些不明原因的故障？请与当地的VERON机构联系（挪威的无线电联盟），业余无线电爱好者可以帮助你确定是否是你的太阳能装置对无线电频率干扰造成的影响。

RF pollution from solar panels

Solar installations often give problems when it comes to polluting the airwaves with radio interference.

Electrical systems such as solar panel installations must comply with EMC (Electro Magnetic Compatibility) standards. That means for example that there is a limit (limit) is what an electrical system, such as the combination solar panel and inverter including cabling, may emit electromagnetic fields (EMF). However, this emission limit is more often than not exceeded. That turned out already in 2014 a study of the EMC Adminstrative Cooperation Working Groupin which 14 European countries took part.

CE marking

When a drive complies with EMC standards include the EU, the manufacturer to affix the CE marking. This is stated that the product complies with European regulations include the EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) Directive. CE stands for Conformité Européenne. A CE marking may be made without an inspection body performs a measurement. It is not a label, but the manufacturer, importer and installer does responsible for compliance with EMC regulations.

But 33% of the examined drives comply with the European EMC standards

But unfortunately in practice that these units or something goes wrong with the installation of the solar panels. Only 33% of surveyed inverters where solar panels are linked, met in 2014 at the European EMC emission requirements.

not improved situation

The situation has hardly improved, evidenced by the fact that radio amateurs are increasingly subject to interference by solar panel installations. The intensity of the interference section a hard hum, can also be very high. There the reception of the desired radio signals over a large part of the amateur radio frequencies such strong radio signals can be transmitted, which is impossible.

Only amateur radio interference?

Failure is not limited to radio amateurs. Other users of the ether may suffer from it considerably. Ranging from the remote control of your car alarm, weather stations, home automation, wireless speakers, home alarms, garage door openers, etc.

What causes radio interference?

To the DC of the solar panel to convert to usable AC power for the home, an inverter is used. produce the flows in such a drive as a by electromagnetic fields (EMF). This is a normal natural phenomenon.To also have received some radio stations on shortwave, medium wave and FM bands, there are EU agreed to allow these EMFs not above an acceptable level (limit). All this is recorded in harmonized EU standards. By the clever use of filtering, which reduces the interference, or the partially “canning” of the inverter, this disturbance fields to be reduced to an acceptable level. Also, if a transform meets legal limits, may also cause a false way to install unwanted radio interference in the ether.

Possible cause of the (re) failures

To remain competitive can choose a manufacturer filters to prevent breaches of the standards to omit. This saves the costs. Extensive testing and measuring EMC is costly for a manufacturer, producer or importer and is sometimes omitted, despite the CE marking on the inverter! However, CE is but one mark and no mark, as is often thought.

Only 9% of the surveyed inverters meet all requirements

From the said research also shows that poor 9% of the surveyed converters but also meets all requirements (measuring technology but also the associated paper). This is according to the authors avery serious but especially worrisome thing.

prevent Radio Interference

To you or your neighbor invest in solar panels, but avoid this kind of radio interference? Requirement than your installer that he has a European supplier for the drive and he realizes that if there is demonstrable EMC complaints arise supplier cooperate fully in order to reach a solution. This means that the solar installation produces minimize EMF, so that radio amateurs and other users of the ether, encounter no problems. One hundred percent free of interference will not be able to succeed in all cases, even in systems that comply with the standards.

Radio amateurs come to the rescue

Do you think that your solar panel installation may be the cause of unexplained malfunction on equipment in your home? Please get in touch with a local department of the VERON. Radio amateurs there able to help you to see whether your installation does cause interference to radio frequencies.

VERON EMC EMF Commission

Source: http://tinyurl.com/VERON-Solar-Panel-Pollution

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