瑞士常用语言是什么(每日外刊1022-瑞士是多语言国家的典范)

背景知识

瑞士有四种官方语言:德语、法语、意大利、罗曼什语。四种语言并存的局面,在地域上体现得尤为显著。不同的地区,均有一种较为盛行的语言,例如苏黎世主要说的是德语,而日内瓦则习惯说法语;而在地区语言一家独大的情况下,也闪烁着相互交融、共同发展的和谐光辉,诞生了诸如双语城伯尔尼等罕见的当地奇观。

瑞士常用语言是什么(每日外刊1022-瑞士是多语言国家的典范)(1)

正文阅读

Switzerland is a model of a multilingual state. But it is not an easy one to imitate

瑞士是多语言国家的典范,但要仿效它并不容易

Europe is the home of the idea that people who see themselves as a nation should have a country. And very often those countries have seen themselves linguistically: France is the home of those who speak French, and so on. This has always been a simplification. But one state, one nation and one language remains a Platonic ideal. Which makes it all the odder that, at the heart of Europe, one nation in one state is one of the most happily, successfully multilingual places on Earth. Switzerland, which has a population comparable in size to Hungary's or Austria's, has four official languages, and a huge amount of local variety beyond that.

民族国家的概念起源于欧洲。各国往往通过本土语言来实现国家身份认同:(例如)对于那些说法语的人来说,法国是他们的家,诸如此类的例子还有很多。身份认同一直采用的是简明的方式。不过,一个国家,一个民族,一种语言仍是不切实际的追求。更奇怪的是,位于中欧的这个国家是世界上最幸福、最成功的多语言国家之一。瑞士的人口规模与匈牙利或奥地利相当,有四种官方语言,除此之外还有大量方言。

About 60% of Swiss speak German as their mother tongue; but if you studied the language of Goethe in Hamburg or Hanover, good luck understanding a conversation among Swiss. The local "Schwyzerdütsch" is so far from the standard that children who speak it have to learn High German in school. But the Swiss are proud of their German, which can even be starkly different from valley to valley. A German executive in Geneva says that when visiting Zurich, he often finds it more practical to speak English.

约60%的瑞士人口以德语为主要语言;但如果你在汉堡或汉诺威学的德语,那你大概率听不懂瑞士人之间的对话。当地的“瑞士德语”与标准德语相差甚远,瑞士学生在学校学习的是高地德语(标准德语)。不过瑞士人对他们的瑞士德语感到自豪,他们甚至每个村的方言都完全不同。一位在日内瓦的德国高管说他访问苏黎世的时候,时常觉得说英语更实用。

Just over 20% of Swiss speak French, the next-biggest language. Then there is Italian, spoken by only about 8% of the population, and, most remarkably, Romansh, a Romance language that is the native tongue of only around 0.5% of Swiss. Yet all three, alongside German, are official languages in the country. The Italian spoken is often a local variety, and even tiny Romansh has widely diverging dialects. One Romansh-speaker says that, when he was in the army, it was easier for him to use German with Romansh-speaking comrades than what was notionally their common language.

瑞士说法语的人口占比只有20%多,是瑞士的第二大语言。然后是意大利语,使用该语言的人口只有约8%,值得注意的是罗曼什语,瑞士只有约0.5%的人口使用这种拉丁罗曼语。然而,这三种语言和德语都是该国的官方语言。瑞士意大利语大多时候具有当地特色,即使毫无存在感的罗曼什语也分成多种不同方言。一个说罗曼什语的人说,他在部队服役时,与同说罗曼什语的战友们用德语交流比所谓的的共同语言更容易。

今日单词

  • Switzerland/ˈswɪtsərlənd/ n. 瑞士(欧洲国家);
  • multilingual/ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/ adj. 说(或用)多种语言的;
  • imitate/ˈɪmɪteɪt/ vi. 模仿,仿效;
  • linguistically/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪkli/ adv. 语言的;语言学方面;
  • and so on 等等;诸如此类;
  • simplification/ˌsɪmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 简单化;单纯化;简化的事物;
  • Platonic/pləˈtɑːnɪk/ adj. 柏拉图式的;柏拉图思想的;理想的;不切实际的;
  • ideal/aɪˈdiːəl/ n. 理想;典范,完美典型;
  • all the odder 更加奇怪的;
  • the heart of Europe 欧洲心脏;中欧国家;
  • comparable/ˈkɑːmpərəb(ə)l/ adj. 可比的,可比较的;类似的,同类的;
  • local variety 地方品种;
  • Swiss/swɪs/ n. 瑞士人;
  • mother tongue 母语,本国语;
  • Goethe/ɡoʊθ/ n. 歌德(德国诗人,作家);
  • Hamburg/ˈhæmbɜːrɡ/ n. 汉堡(德国城市);
  • Hanover/ˈhænoʊvər/ n. 汉诺威市(位于德国);
  • good luck (觉得不能完成某事的)祝你好运;
  • High German 高地德语;标准德语;
  • starkly/ˈstɑːrkli/ adv. 完全地;
  • valley/ˈvæli/ n. 山谷,溪谷,流域;
  • executive/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ n. 主管;
  • Geneva/dʒəˈniːvə/ n. 日内瓦城(瑞士西南部城市);
  • Zurich/ˈzʊrɪk/ n. 苏黎世(瑞士北部城市);
  • Italian/ɪˈtæliən/ n. 意大利语;
  • remarkably/rɪˈmɑːrkəbli/ adv. 不寻常地,惊人地;
  • yet/jet/ conj. 然而,但是;
  • alongside/əˌlɔːŋˈsaɪd/ prep. 与…一起;与…同时;
  • tiny/ˈtaɪni/ adj. 极小的,微小的;
  • diverging/dɪˈvɜːrdʒɪŋ/ adj. 分歧的;岔开的;
  • dialect/ˈdaɪəlekt/ n. 方言,土话;
  • comrade/ˈkɑːmræd/ n. 伙伴,战友;
  • notionally/ˈnoʊʃənəli/ adv. 理论上地;

素材来源

文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)

作者:Unknown

原文发布时间:12 Oct. 2022

每日美句

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.

成功的秘诀就是四个简单的字:多一点点。

,

免责声明:本文仅代表文章作者的个人观点,与本站无关。其原创性、真实性以及文中陈述文字和内容未经本站证实,对本文以及其中全部或者部分内容文字的真实性、完整性和原创性本站不作任何保证或承诺,请读者仅作参考,并自行核实相关内容。文章投诉邮箱:anhduc.ph@yahoo.com

    分享
    投诉
    首页