电动车坐姿（电动车是如何工作的）

在我们看来，电动汽车似乎是汽车发展的新阶段，也许有朝一日将会取代不环保的汽油汽车但是，你知道电动汽车的出现要早于普通汽油汽车吗？其实，电动发动机的发明要比内燃机早，因此电动汽车的出现也就比汽油发动机要早了早在19世纪，人们就已经乘坐上电动汽车了那时的电动发动机和现在有什么区别呢？，现在小编就来说说关于电动车坐姿?下面内容希望能帮助到你，我们来一起看看吧!

电动车坐姿

在我们看来，电动汽车似乎是汽车发展的新阶段，也许有朝一日将会取代不环保的汽油汽车。但是，你知道电动汽车的出现要早于普通汽油汽车吗？其实，电动发动机的发明要比内燃机早，因此电动汽车的出现也就比汽油发动机要早了。早在19世纪，人们就已经乘坐上电动汽车了。那时的电动发动机和现在有什么区别呢？

Has it finally come?

它终于来了吗？

Is the future now?

现在是未来世界了吗？

We've got jetpacks, hoverboards, holograms – all the things we only used to see in old sci-fi movies!

我们已经有了喷气背包、悬浮滑板、全息图——所有东西我们以前只能在老科幻电影里看到！

Well maybe not the jetpacks so much…

好吧，也许喷气背包还没普及。

And now: electric cars you plug into the wall like a cellphone!

现在，电动汽车可以像手机一样插墙上充电。

So who came up with the idea, and how does the technology really work?

那么是谁提出了这个想法，以及该技术如何真正实现的呢？

Before we rejoice in the future, let's first take a trip to the past…

在我们欢庆未来之前，让我们先穿越回一趟过去……

Oh, we'll be going a lot further back than you think.

哦，我们要回到的过去会比你想的要远得多。

You'll probably be as surprised as I was to find out that electric cars aren't a 21st-century invention.

你可能会和我一样惊讶地发现，电动汽车并不是21世纪的发明。

That is, electric-powered motors came out pretty much at the same time as petroleum-driven engines, that is, the ones that run on fossil fuels like gas and diesel.

也就是说，电动发动机和石油发动机几乎是同时出现的。石油发动机即那些使用汽油和柴油等化石燃料的发动机。

Almost two centuries ago, in 1828, a Hungarian engineer named Ányos Jedlik invented the first prototype of the electric motor, and used it to power a small model car.

大约两个世纪前，在1828年，一位名叫耶德利克·阿纽什的匈牙利工程师发明了第一个电机的原型，并用它驱动了一辆小型汽车。

And he wasn't the only one with an interest in that sort of technology.

他并不是唯一一个对这种技术感兴趣的人。

In 1834, blacksmith Thomas Davenport created a similar device that could be driven at short distances using an electric track.

1834年，铁匠托马斯·达文波特发明了一种类似的电动车，可以在电动轨道上短距离内行驶。

Does that ring any bells?

想起来什么了吗？

Think streetcars later on!

想想之后的有轨电车吧！

And over in the Netherlands, university professor Sibrandus Stratingh built a tiny electric car powered with non-rechargeable batteries.

在荷兰，大学教授西布兰德·斯特拉廷斯制造了一辆配备着不可充电电池的微型电动汽车。

Now, even though the idea of a battery-powered vehicle was to revolutionize people's lives for the better, primary cell batteries (that's the "use once and toss" kind) weren't the way to go for obvious reasons.

现在，虽然电动汽车的想法是为了让人们的生活变得更好，但显而易见，原电池（即用即弃的那种）并不实用。

They needed too many batteries to run the motor over long distances at such low speeds.

这些电动车需要太多的电池来驱动马达在如此低的速度下跑很远的距离。

It wasn't until 1859 when French physicist Gaston Plante invented the lead acid battery that changed the electric engine game for good.

直到1859年，法国物理学家加斯顿·普兰特发明了铅酸电池，才彻底改变了电动引擎的局面。

Many countries began producing electric three-wheeled cars until the US made a huge breakthrough.

许多国家都开始生产电动三轮汽车，直到美国取得重大突破。

In 1891, they created the first electric vehicle, and get this: it was a 6-passenger wagon that could go up to 14 miles per hour.

1891年，美国出现了第一辆电动汽车，听听这个——它是一辆6人座的货车，时速可达14英里。

Hey, that was major back then!

嘿，那在当时很厉害的！

After that, people were thrilled, and the electric car market thrived.

在那之后，人们都很兴奋，电动汽车市场蓬勃发展。

In the late 1890s, electric-powered taxis filled the streets of London.

19世纪90年代末，电动出租车充斥了伦敦的街道。

At that time, electric cars had many advantages over steam-powered and gas-guzzling engines.

当时，电动汽车比蒸汽动力和耗油发动机有很多优势。

They didn't vibrate, they didn't give off that awful burning gasoline smell that we're all familiar with, and, most importantly, they didn't require much effort to start.

它们不会震动，也不会散发出我们都熟悉的那种可怕的汽油燃烧气味，最重要的是，它们不需要花太多力气就能启动。

By the early 1900s, almost one-third of cars in the US were electric-powered.

到20世纪初，美国近三分之一的汽车是电动的。

But that wasn't going to last long…

但这没有持续很长时间……

By the late 1920s, infrastructure in the US had improved significantly, and vehicles needed to go further more efficiently.

到20世纪20年代末，美国的基础设施得到了显著改善，车辆需要进一步提高效率。

So, fossil-fuel cars took the lead because they got the job done.

所以，化石燃料汽车占据了领先地位，因为它们达到了要求。

You see, the top speed that electric cars could achieve was 15-20 miles per hour.

你看，电动汽车能达到的最高速度是每小时15到20英里。

That's about how fast you can go pedaling on your bike!

那差不多就是你骑自行车的速度！

Another problem was that electric-powered engines back then could only travel 30-40 miles on one go, which means they'd need charging every couple of hours.

另一个问题是，当时的电动引擎一次只能行驶30-40英里，这意味着它们需要每隔几小时充一次电。

And things were about to take a turn for the worse along with the improvement in infrastructure.

随着基础设施的改善，情况将会变得更糟。

That's when the electric starter was invented, and gasoline cars began using it alongside mufflers, which made their noise a lot more tolerable.

就是那时，人们发明了电力起动器，汽油车开始将它和灭音器一起使用，这使得它们的噪音更容易忍受。

Electric cars took their final hit in 1910 when Henry Ford began his mass production of gas-powered vehicles, which made them ridiculously cheap whereas electric cars cost a lot more.

1910年，电动汽车遭到终极打击，亨利·福特开始大规模生产汽油驱动的汽车，这使得它的价格低得离谱，而电动汽车的价格要高得多。

Companies then realized that there was no room for electric automobiles on the market, so they stopped producing them altogether.

随后，汽车公司意识到，电动汽车在市场上没有空间，所以它们停止了生产。

Fast-forward to the 21st century.

快进回到21世纪。

We now have advancements in technology and a greater concern for the environment.

现在，我们在技术方面取得了进步，也更加关注环境问题。

Add a fear of running out of resources to fuel our vehicles, and it's no wonder automotive companies have decided to give electric cars another chance.

再加上驱使交通工具导致能源耗尽的担忧，也难怪汽车公司决定再给电动汽车一次机会。

The main difference between electric and fossil-fueled cars is that the E-cars can use a variety of renewable sources to generate their electricity.

电动汽车和化石燃料汽车的主要区别是，电动汽车可以使用各种可再生能源来发电。

In fact, the science behind the electric car is surprisingly simple.

事实上，电动汽车背后的科学原理出奇的简单。

Its basic principle is the alternating current, for which we have Nikola Tesla to thank more than a century ago.

它的基本原理是交流电，这个我们需要感谢一个多世纪前的尼古拉·特斯拉。

Before you understand the science behind that, let's back up and first cover the differences between direct and alternating currents, that's DC and AC for short… or AC/DC if you're into hard rock.

在你了解这背后的科学之前，让我们回顾一下直流电和交流电之间的区别，简称为DC和AC，或者如果你喜欢硬摇滚，就叫它们AC/DC。

An electric current is the movement of an electric charge that carries electrons.

电流是携带电子的电荷的运动。

An engine, for example, can be powered by direct current – which means that the electrons flow in one direction only.

例如，一台发动机，可以由直流电提供动力，这意味着电子仅在一个方向上流动。

For most things that run on DC, that's from the battery to whatever it's powering.

对于大多数使用直流电源的东西，所有能源都来自电池。

The electrons that move along an alternating current, on the other hand, periodically and consistently change direction.

另一方面，在交流电中移动的电子会周期性地、持续地改变方向。

It's pretty much all the electric power in your home, from your microwave to your game console.

这几乎包含了你家里所有的电力，从微波炉到游戏机。

In short, if you could look at the two types of currents on a graph, direct would be a flat line and alternating would have regular uniform waves going up and down.

简而言之，如果你能在图表上看到这两种电流，直流电是一条平坦的线，而交流电是有规则的均匀上下波动的线。

Or, to put it even more simply, DC would be like water running out of a bucket with a hole in the bottom.

或者，说得更简单一点，直流电就像从底部有洞的桶里流出的水。

AC would be kind of like watching the water swishing around back and forth if you open the lid of your washer and look inside.

如果你打开洗衣机的盖子往里面看，交流电就像在里面来回摆动的水流。

Ok enough of that, so what about electric cars specifically?

好了，那么电动汽车又如何呢？

Well, most of them convert the direct current electricity from the batteries into an alternating current.

它们大多数都是把电池里的直流电转换成交流电。

Since electric cars don't have an internal combustion engine like gas-powered vehicles do, they use their space quite differently.

因为电动汽车不像汽油动力汽车那样有内燃机，它们的使用空间非常不同。

You'd normally expect a big bulky battery to be in the front under the hood, but it's completely different in electric cars.

人们通常会认为有一个巨大而笨重的电池在前引擎盖下，但电动汽车完全不一样。

They have 7,000 lithium-ion batteries that sit under the flooring!

它的底盘下面有7000块锂离子电池！

This battery pack has a longer lifespan and a higher power density – which makes them ideal for powering a vehicle.

这种电池组具有更长的使用寿命和更高的功率密度，这使它们成为驱动汽车的理想选择。

But one of their vulnerabilities is overheating and thermal breakdown.

但它们其中一个弱点是过热和热击穿。

That's why electric cars have coolant running between them to prevent overheating.

这就是为什么电动汽车在它们之间放置冷却剂，以防止过热。

And there's all kinds of interesting stuff at the back of the car.

汽车后部有很多有趣的东西。

That's where you'll find the inverter, which is what converts that DC into AC and gives power to the engine.

有逆变器，它将直流电转换成交流电，给引擎提供动力。

But it can't do that without the induction motor.

但如果没有感应电机，它就做不到这一点。

It's also in the back, and it takes the alternating current that just came from the inverter and creates a rotating magnetic field that causes the motor to turn.

它也在汽车后部，它吸收来自逆变器的交流电，并产生旋转磁场使电动机转动。

Now, electric cars don't have a gearbox or lever, and all of them are automatic.

电动汽车没有变速箱或杠杆，它们都是自动的。

They have a single speed transmission that sends power from the induction motor to the wheels.

它们具有单速变速箱，该变速箱将功率从感应电动机传递到车轮。

This is how the electric motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy.

这就是电动机将电能转化为机械能的过程。

That is, the physical power that turns the wheels and sends you on your way!

也就是说，转动车轮并带你前进的物理动力。

But here's where it gets even more interesting.

但更有趣的是。

When you accelerate while driving, the car uses more energy.

当你在驾驶时加速，汽车会消耗更多的能量。

But when you brake, the energy is transformed into electricity through the induction motor.

但当你刹车时，能量就会通过感应电机转化为电能。

Then, that electricity travels all the way back to the battery pack and is stored so that you can use it later!

然后，电流一路回到电池组并储存起来，以便以后使用。

Now that's efficient!

这很有效率。

An electric car gets "juiced up" by being plugged into an outlet or a charging station, and they use three main levels of charging.

一辆电动汽车通过插入插座或充电站来充电，它们主要有三种级别的充电手段。

The first level is the basic charging you can do at home – it uses an outlet of 120 Volts and adds 2-5 miles of charging per hour.

第一级是可以在家进行的基本充电，它使用120伏特的插座，每小时可充电2-5英里。

Then, there's the second level – it uses Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and has a higher voltage (220-240 Volts) to add 10-25 miles per hour of charging.

然后是第二个级别，它使用的是电动汽车供电设备，并且具有较高的电压（220-240伏），每小时充的电可行驶10-25英里。

Finally, the third and most efficient one is the Direct Current charging station which does exactly what it says.

最后是第三个级别，也是最有效的一个，那就是直流电充电站，它的充电效果正如字面意思。

It uses direct current to add up to 80% of the car's battery charge in less than half an hour.

它利用直流电在不到半小时的时间内为汽车充电80%。

The cost of charging an electric car is dirt cheap as well.

给电动汽车充电的成本也非常便宜。

It'll cost you less than $5 to fully charge your electric vehicle at home, and you can get up to 150 miles on one charge.

在家里给电动汽车充满电的成本不到5美元，而且一次充电可以跑150英里。

That, of course, depends on the size of the battery.

当然，这取决于电池的容量大小。

Bigger electric cars with bigger batteries can cost up to $15 to fully charge, but they can cover up to 300 miles.

电池容量更大的大型电动汽车最多需要花费15美元才能充满电，但它们能行驶300英里。

Where do I sign?

我在哪能买到呢？

Now, electric cars are less expensive to run and maintain if we compare them to fuel-powered vehicles, but there's no denying that the car itself comes with a much higher price tag.

如果我们把电动汽车和燃油汽车相比，运行和维护起来更便宜，但不可否认的是，汽车本身的价格要高得多。

But still, according to a recent study, the average operating cost of an electric car is $485 a year, whereas a fossil-fuel automobile is $1,117.

但是，根据最近的一项研究，一辆电动汽车的平均运行成本是每年485美元，而一辆化石燃料汽车的运行成本是1117美元。

So, that higher initial price should pay itself off over time.

因此，更高的初始价格会随着时间的推移而得到回报。

But there's still another problem.

但还有另一个问题。

One of the most expensive components of the electric car is its battery pack.

电动汽车最昂贵的部件之一是电池组。

It'll cost you an arm and a leg to replace if it breaks down – expect anywhere from $5,000 to $15,000 for replacement!

如果它发生故障，将需要花费大笔费用更换，估计要花5000到15000美元。

But most electric car manufacturers give the battery at least an 8-year warranty for up to 100,000 miles if that makes you feel any better about purchasing.

但大多数电动汽车制造商会给电池组至少8年的质保期，最长可行驶10万英里，这能让你购买时有更好的体验。

The good news is that we're seeing a huge movement toward electric-powered vehicles as a strategy to tackle fuel emissions and reduce pollution.

好消息是，我们看到电动汽车正朝着解决燃油排放和减少污染的战略迈进。

The head of automotive research in Europe predicts that by 2025, all cars in Europe will be totally electric or at least hybrid.

欧洲汽车研究的负责人预测，到2025年，欧洲所有的汽车都将完全电动化，或者至少是混合动力汽车。

And many countries are setting goals to lower their fuel emissions in the next few years.

许多国家正在制定未来几年减少燃料排放的目标。

So, who knows?

所以，谁知道呢？

Maybe sooner than later, we'll all be zipping around in electric cars, and gas guzzlers really will be a thing of the past!

也许迟早，我们所有人都将开着电动汽车到处跑了，"油老虎"将成为历史。

,