信息资源的发展经历了几个阶段，信息资源的数字进化

数字信息资源：表达手段的现代化演进

Digital Information Resources: Modernized Evolution of Manifestation Instruments

信息与数据；生产和沟通

Information and Data; Production and Communication

综述：

Introduction:

目前，信息资源数字化已经成为常态，文字、图片、音视频形态的信息都同时可以使用传统、电子、数字三种载体呈现。数字化的信息资源需要使用计算机硬件和软件共同处理，同时在线、移动是新的常态。数字化的信息资源可以分为三类：数据信息源、功能程序、通讯社交程序。

At present, the digitization of information resources already becomes part of everyday life. Information in text, image, audio and video clips can be manifested concurrently in traditional, electronic and digital media. Digital information resources need to be processed with both computer hardware and software. At the same time, online and mobile versions are the new norms. Digitized information resources can be divided into the three types of data or information sources, functional application, and communication and socialization applications.

在实际作为文献的数字化信息资源中，除了转为电子和数字格式的传统文献之外，以数字格式为基础的信息资源还有数据源、计算机程序及游戏、一般网站、在线出版物来源、博客及同类信息资源、电子邮件列表及同类信息资源、社交媒体、APP。

Among the digitized information resources actually used as references, there are both traditional references converted into electronic or digital formats and those created based on digital formats, such as data source, computer program and game, website in general, online Publication source, blog and similar information resources, mailing list and similar information resources, social media, and apps.

i. 数据源

i. Data Source

数据源（Data Source）是进行测量、分析、统计研究的专业组织提供源始数据的在线资源。经济、环境、产业等等方面的数据，都有专业的组织或公司进行研究，经过整理形成系统的源始数据，提供给公众使用。

Data sources are online resources in which professional organizations in survey, analysis and statistical research provide original data. There are professional research organization and companies who carry out study on economic, environmental and industrial data. These data are gathered and organized into systematic original data and then published for public use.

引用数据源的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry of data source is:

组织, 年份. 数据完整题名. [online] 网站上提供数据源的程序位置或数据源程序网站. Available at: <包括网站网址/URL> [访问日期].

Organization, Year. Full title of data. [online] Location of the program as data source at a website or the website of the data source program itself. Available at: <include website address/URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

OECD, 2021. Quarterly GDP. [online] OECD.org. Available at: <https://data.oecd.org/gdp/quarterly-gdp.htm> [Accessed 20 November, 2021].

ii. 计算机程序及游戏

ii. Computer Program and Games

因为互联网的普及，应用程序和游戏一般都具有联网功能。根据程序和游戏主要功能实现时，是否需要通过互联网进行信息交换，可以定义程序或者游戏是单机版本还是联网版本。

Because of the popularization of the internet, applications and games generally have online functions. Whether an application or a game is a stand-alone version or online version can be defined according to the fact whether it needs to exchange information through the internet when an application or game actualizes its main function.

引用程序及游戏是把它们本身作为文献，而不是它们功能中提供的其他载体信息。

Citing a computer program or game means to regard themselves as reference, and not other information in the medium provided in their function.

计算机程序和游戏经常同时有在线下载版本和线下发售版本。著录时，在线版本需要提供下载网址。线下版本和一般电子出版物一样，需要提供出版地点和出版商信息。

Computer programs and games often have both online download version and offline sale edition. In referencing, download web address needs to be given for an online version. And like ordinary e-publications, an offline edition needs to have place of publication and publisher information as part of referencing information.

引用计算机程序和游戏的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for computer program and games is:

a. 计算机程序：

a. Computer Program:

作者/组织，年份. 程序题名. (版本). [computer program] 经销商/出版商. (如果有此信息) Available at: <网址/URL> [访问日期].

Authorship/Organization, Year. Title of program. (Version). [computer program] Distributor/Publisher. (if available) Available at: <web address/URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

KuGou-Inc., 2021. KuGou PC version (10.0.30). [computer program] kugou.net. Available at: <https://download.kugou.com/pc.html> [Accessed 20 November, 2021].

b. 游戏：

b. Game:

开发商, 年份. 游戏题名 (版本). [format] 出版地点：出版商.

Developer, Year. Title of game (version). [format] Place of publication: Publisher.

举例：

Example:

Blizzard Entertainment, 2021. StarCraft II (5.0.8.86383) [PC game] Irvine: Blizzard Entertainment Inc.

iii. 网站

iii. Website

网站上提供的信息可以是网页和其他格式的网络文件。有很多网站可以归类为其他类型在线文献；比如，政府网站上的法规、媒体网站上的新闻，都应该根据文体特征归入文献各自的类型。单纯作为网站类型文献的网页更多应该是组织、公司、个人网站上与自身有关的内容。

Information provided on the website can be a webpage or web files in other formats. Many websites can be regarded as other types of online references. For example, laws, regulations and rules on government websites and news on media websites both should be taken as their respective types of reference on the basis of their stylistic feature. Webpages purely used as the type of website in referencing should more be the content about an organization, company or individual it-, him- or herself on the website.

引用网站的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for a website is:

作者或来源，年份. 网络文件或网页题名. [type of medium] (如果有更新日期) Available at: <包含网址/URL> [访问日期].

Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: <include web address/URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

NASA, 2020. Artemis Plan: NASA's Lunar Exploration Program Overview, September 2020. [online] Available at:

<https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/artemis_plan-20200921.pdf> [Accessed 20 November, 2021].

iv. 在线出版物来源

iv. Online Publication Sources

在线出版物可以是电子图书，也可以是机构制作的电子出版物。作者 可以是作家或者法人。

Online publications can be e-books or e-publications produced by different institutions. Their author can be a writer or a corporate.

引用在线出版物的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for online publications is:

作者或者法人作者，年份. 文件题名. [载体类型] 出版地点：制作人/出版商. Available at: <网址/URL> [访问日期].

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place of publication: Producer/Publisher. Available at: <include website address/URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

F. Scott Fitzgerald, 2021. The Great Gatsby. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at:

<https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/64317/pg64317.txt> [Accessed 20 November 2021].

v. 博客

v. Blog

博客上是个人发表的网络文章，类似于以前报纸杂志上的个人专栏。很多门户网站、社交媒体、专业博客网站上都有发表博客文章的平台。博客文章还提供评论区，供读者提供反馈，与作者进行讨论。因为读者的评论也可能是非常专业的观点，所以，在正式的文章中，博客评论也可以作为文献引用。

Blog contains articles published online by a person. It is similar to a personal column on newspaper or magazine in the past. Many portal websites, social media, and specialized blog websites have platforms for publishing blog articles. A comment area is attached to a blog article for readers to give feedback and discuss with the author. Because a reader’s comment can also be a very professional view, a blog comment can be cited in formal writing.

引用博客及博客评论的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for blog and blog comment is:

a. 博客：

a. Blog:

作者，首字母缩写.，年份. 单一博客条目. 博客题名, [载体] 博客发帖日期. Available at: <包括网址/URL> [访问日期].

Author, Initials., Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium] Blog posting date. Available at: <include website address/URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

Heick T., 2021. Critical Reading: 50 Sentence Stems To Help Students Talk About What They Read. teachthought.com [blog] October 2021. Available at: <https://www.teachthought.com/critical-thinking/sentence-stems-reading/> [Accessed 21 November 2021].

b. 博客评论：

b. Blog Comment:

评论作者，年份. 单一博客条目. 博客题名, [载体] 评论发帖日期. Available at: <包括网址/URL> [访问日期].

Comment Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium] Comment posting date. Available at: <include website address/URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

Parker L., 2021. What I learned about homeschooling from Applying to college. penelopetrunk.com, [blog] 14 July 2021. Available at: <https://education.penelopetrunk.com/2021/05/03/what-i-learned-about-homeschooling-from-applying-to-college/> [Accessed 21 November 2021].

vi. 电子邮件、即时通讯软件

vi. Email and Instant Messaging Software

人际交流包括谈话、通信，可以双人或者多人之间。在线的通信方式是从电话、电报、信件等发展出来的远程通信方式，包含了电子邮件和即时通讯软件两种。从本质上讲，所有这些交流工具上的信息资源都可以作为文献。不过，交流过程的记录是需要有真实性保证的。

Interpersonal exchange includes conversation and communication which may happen between two or more people. Online communication can be seen as a form of remote communication developed after telephone, telegram and letter. It includes email and instant messaging software. In essence, information resources on all these tools of communication can be taken as reference. But the records on the process of communication needs the guarantee for its authenticity.

从邮件和短信息服务发展出了复杂的互联网社区，其中包含了邮件列表、讨论组、BBS、论坛、MSN、Skype、聊天室等等。

Complex internet communities developed from email and short message service, which include mailing list, discussion Group, BBS, forum, MSN, Skype, and chat room etc.

这里只把电子邮件、邮件讨论组、邮件列表作为三种互联网社区的基本形式代表。交流的人数从两人、几个人到很多人。加上复杂的软件环境和即时性就得到了各种各样的互联网社区功能。

Here email, email discussion group, and mailing list are taken as three basic forms representative of internet community. The number people in the exchange can be two, several or more people. With complex software environment and instantaneity, these three evolved into a diversity of internet communities with various functions.

a. 电子邮件/讨论组

a. Email/Discussion Group

这里引用的邮件都是从个人邮箱发送的，需要明确邮箱地址，保证可以准确找到原件。另外，引用邮件来源有限制时，需要征得邮件来源方同意。

The emails cited here are all sent from personal email addresses so these addresses need to be specified so as to ensure that the original email can be found accurately. Besides, when there is limitation to the sources of email, consent needs to be acquired from the party of the source.

引用电子邮件/讨论组的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for email/discussion group is:

发件人姓名，电子邮件地址，年份. 邮件发送信息中消息或主题标题. [载体类型] 收件人姓名(和电子邮件地址). 发送日期: (包括具体时间). Available at: <URL> (比如，消息存档的地址细节) [访问日期].

Name of sender, email address, Year. Message or subject title from posting line. [type of medium] Recipient's name and (email address). Date sent: (Including time). Available at: <URL> (e.g. details of where message is archived) [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

Smith A,. AaronSmith@lgu.lgt, 2021. Cognitive processes in language learning. [Email] Message to Brian Fisher (BrianFisher@lgu.lgt). Sent Monday 23 November 2015:08:13. Available at: <http://www.lgu.lgt/2015_11_31_lgu_archive.html> [Accessed 20 November 2021].

b. 邮件列表

b. Mailing List

邮件列表可以视为最早的互联网社区。邮件列表看起来就是电子邮箱地址的列表，对应着对同一个主题具有共同兴趣的一群人；他们可能属于同一个工作组或者一起修同一门课。当某个列表成员向群组的特殊地址发送消息时，这封电子邮件就被广播给列表的全体成员。

Mailing list can be regarded as the earliest internet community. Mailing list looks exactly like a list of email addresses and represents a group of people interested in one single theme. They might belong to the same workgroup or study the same course. When a member in the list sends message to a special address in the group, the email will be broadcast to all members in the list.

引用邮件列表的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for mailing list is:

作者，首字母缩写.，年份. 主题行，邮件列表标题. [online] 消息日期. Available at: <包含网址/URL> [访问日期].

Author, Initial., Year. Subject line, Title of Mailing List. [online] date of message. Available at: <include website address/URL> [Accessed date].

vii. 社交媒体

vii. Social Media

社交媒体是驱动媒体融合的新引擎。社交媒体的技术、平台、服务使得个人可以进行一对一、一对多和多对多的交流。媒体融合包含了不同种类的大众媒体，如传统媒体、印刷媒体、广播媒体、新媒体、互联网，还有便携和高度交互技术；通过各种数字媒体平台进行融合。

Social media represents a new engine to drive media convergence. The technology, platform and service of social media allow individuals to conduct one-to-on, one-to-many and many-to-many exchanges. Media convergence includes various kinds of mass media, such as traditional media, print media, broadcasting media, new media and the internet. It also includes portable and highly interactive technologies. Convergence is achieved through different kinds of digital media platform.

社交媒体整合了互联网社区的全部信息传播和交流功能。人们可以发布和获得消息，发表和评论观点，进行多人讨论。社交媒体应该是传统媒体、KOL、受众可以共同存在和建设的空间。

Social media integrates all information communication and exchange functions in internet communities. People can release and acquire messages, publish and comment opinions, and carry out multi-user discussion. Social media should be a space where traditional media, KOL and audience can co-exist and build up together.

社交媒体中发布的文字信息分为两种，一种是文章，一种是短消息。前者有标题，后者只有全文。当然，图片、音频、视频是社交媒体更为广泛的内容，与文字信息混合在一起，而图片、音频、视频本身也会作为文献引用。

Textual information published in social media are in two types: one is article and the other is short message. The former has a title and the latter only has a full-length text. And of course, as more extensive contents in social media, images, audio and video clips are mixed together with textual information and they are cited as reference themselves.

引用社交媒体的参考文献条目格式为：

The format of the referencing entry for social media is:

a. 发帖页面：

a. Page of Post:

作者，首字母缩写.，年份. 发帖页面题名. [社交媒体类型] 发帖日期/月份. Available at: <URL> [访问日期].

Author, Initials., Year. Title of page. [social media type] Day/month post written. Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

Miller D., 2021. An English Classroom [LingaScroll]. 24 November. Available at: <www.LingaScroll.com/DouglasMiller> [Accessed 24 November 2021].

b. 短消息：

b. Short Message:

作者，首字母缩写.，年份. 短消息（以推特为代表）全文. [社交媒体类型] 短消息发布日期/月份. Available at: <URL> [访问日期].

Author, Initials., Year. Full text of tweet. [social media type] Day/month tweet written. Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

Hunter E., 2021. A diligent pupil wins spelling contest. [lingachirrup] 24 November. Available at: <www.LingaChirrup.com/EltonHunter> [Accessed 24 November 2021].

viii. App

viii. App

App是移动设备上的软件。通过移动App可以把PC上的数字化功能软件全部迁移到便携设备上。移动设备有两个主要特征；一是便携性，二是联网。

App is software on mobile devices. Mobile apps can transfer all digital function applications on PC into portable devices. There are two main features in mobile devices: one is portability and the other is internet connection.

移动设备还是媒体融合的重要实现手段。比如，智能手机就是最明显的代表。智能手机上的app整合了各种媒体，比如，印刷媒体（电子书、新闻app）、广播媒体（流媒体网站、电台、音乐app）、新媒体（互联网）；作为单一设备可以完成多种功能，除了打电话和发短信之外，还有照相、录像、打游戏等等。App本身和App发布的内容都可以作为文献。

Mobile devices are important means to realize media convergence. For example, smartphone is the most noticeable representative. The apps in a smartphone integrate all kinds of media, such as print media (e-book and news app), broadcasting media (streaming website, radio station and music app), and new media (internet). As a single device, it can complete various functions, taking photos and videos and playing games in addition to making phone calls and sending short messages. An app itself and the contents published in it can all be used as reference.

a. 引用App本身的参考文献条目格式为：

a. The format of the referencing entry for app itself is:

权利持有人姓名，发布年份. 移动App题名. 版本名. (版本号) [Mobile app]. Available at: 移动App商店名称 [Downloaded: 下载日期].

Rightsholder(s) name, Year of release. Title of the mobile App. Edition name. (Version) [mobile app]. Available at: Mobile store name [Downloaded: Date of download].

举例：

Example:

WhatLanguage Inc. 2021. WhatLanguage Learner (Version 3.22.155) [mobile app]. Available at: Lingaton Mobile App Store [Downloaded: 24 November 2021].

b. 引用App中发布内容的参考文献条目格式为：

b. The format of the referencing entry for contents published in App is:

作者，年份. App文章题名. [mobile app type] 写作日期/月份. Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].

Authorship, Year. Title of app article. [mobile app type] Date/month written. Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].

举例：

Example:

Fisher B., 2021. Reading on a smartphone. [Lingaboard] 24 November. Available at: <http://www.lingaboard.com/2021/11/24/reading-on-a-smartphone [Accessed 24 November 2021].

#翻译# #教育# #英语# #学术写作# #论文# #参考文献# #哈佛参考文献标注体系#

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