综合自然地理学知识点（A-Level地理核心自然地理学习主要内容总结）

A-Level | 地理 Geography

CIE A-Level地理的考生将学习以下主题：

核心自然地理学：水文和河流地貌、大气和天气、岩石和风化

核心人文地理：人口、移民、结算动态

高级自然地理：热带环境、沿海环境、危险环境、热干旱和半干旱环境

高级人文地理：生产、地点和变化、环境管理、全球相互依存、经济转型

本文将为大家总结讲解AS阶段的核心自然地理学的主要内容，以下内容全是干货！！！

核心自然地理学

Paper 1 Core Physical Geography

1

Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology

水文和河流地貌

1.1 The drainage basin system流域系统

输出：蒸发、蒸散和河流排放。

蓄水：截流、土壤水、地表水、地下水、渠道蓄水。

水流：地上——直流、干流、地表流和渠道流。

地下——渗透、渗滤、穿流、地下水和基流。

地下水：地下水位、地下水、补给水和泉水。

Outputs: evaporation, evapotranspiration and River discharge.

Stores: interception, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and Channel storage.

Flows: above ground – throughfall, stemflow, overland flow, and channel flow.

below ground – infiltration, percolation, throughflow, groundwater, and baseflow.

Underground water: water tables, ground water, recharge, and springs.

1.2 Discharge relationships within drainage basins流域内流量关系

水文图的组成部分（风暴和年度）。对水文曲线的影响。

气候：降水类型和强度、温度、蒸发量、蒸腾量、蒸散量和前期水分。

流域特征：大小和形状、排水密度、土壤的孔隙率和渗透性、岩石类型、坡度、植被类型和土地利用。

Components of hydrographs (storm and annual). Influences on hydrographs.

Climate: precipitation type and intensity, temperature, evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, and antecedent moisture.

drainage basin characteristics: size and shape, drainage density, porosity and permeability of soils, rock type, slopes, vegetation type, and land use.

1.3 River channel processes and landforms河道过程与地貌

渠道流程

侵蚀：磨损/腐蚀、溶解、气蚀和液压作用。

负载运输：牵引、跳跃、悬浮和溶液。

沉积和沉降：Hjülstrom 曲线。

河流流量：流速和流量、流动模式（层流、湍流和螺旋）和 thalweg。

通道类型：直的、编织的和曲折的。

地貌：蜿蜒曲折（河崖、点酒吧、牛轭湖）、浅滩和水池序列、瀑布、峡谷、悬崖、洪泛区、堤坝和三角洲。

Channel processes

Erosion: abrasion/corrasion, solution, cavitation, and hydraulic action.

Load transport: traction, saltation, suspension, and solution.

deposition and sedimentation: the Hjülstrom curve.

River flow: velocity and discharge, patterns of flow (laminar, turbulent and helicoidal), and thalweg.

Channel types: straight, braided, and meandering.

Landforms: meander (river cliffs, point bars, oxbow lakes), riffle and pool sequences, waterfalls, gorges, bluffs, floodplains, levées, and deltas.

1.4 The human impact人类影响

通过土地利用变化（砍伐森林、植树造林、城市化）、取水和蓄水来改变集水区流量和蓄水量以及引导流量。

河流洪水的原因和影响；预测洪水风险和复发间隔。预防和改善河流洪水包括：

· 预报和警告

· 硬工程——水坝、矫直、堤坝和导流溢洪道

· 软工程——洪泛区和流域管理、湿地和河岸保护以及河流恢复。

案例研究：候选人必须研究最近的河流洪水事件，显示洪水的原因、对人和环境的影响，并评估减少洪水影响的尝试。

Modifications to catchment flows and stores and to channel flows by land-use changes (deforestation, afforestation, urbanisation), abstraction and water storage.

The causes and impacts of river floods; prediction of flood risk and recurrence intervals. The prevention and amelioration of river floods to include:

· forecasts and warnings

· hard engineering – dams, straightening, levées and diversion spillways

· soft engineering – floodplain and drainage basin management, wetland and river bank conservation and river restoration.

Case study: candidates must study a recent river flood event showing the causes of the flood, impacts on both people and the environment, and evaluate attempts to reduce the impact of the flood.

2

Atmosphere and Weather

大气和天气

2.1 Diurnal energy budgets 日能量收支

影响昼夜能量收支的因素：入射（短波）太阳辐射、反射太阳辐射、地表和地下吸收的能量、反照率、显热传递、长波辐射、潜热传递——蒸发、露水和返回地球的吸收能量。

Factors affecting diurnal energy budget: incoming (shortwave) solar radiation, reflected solar radiation, energy absorbed into the surface and subsurface, albedo, sensible heat transfer, longwave radiation, latent heat transfer – evaporation, dew and absorbed energy returned to earth.

2.2 The global energy budget 全球能源预算

辐射的纬度模式：过量和不足。大气转移：风带和洋流。

温度、压力和风带的季节性变化：纬度、陆地/海洋分布和洋流的影响。

The latitudinal pattern of radiation: excesses and deficits. Atmospheric transfers: wind belts and ocean currents.

Seasonal variations in temperature, pressure and wind belts: the influence of latitude, land/sea distribution, and ocean currents.

2.3 Weather processes and phenomena 天气的过程和现象

大气水分过程：蒸发、冷凝、冻结、熔化、沉积和升华。

降水的成因：对流、空气的锋面和地形抬升以及辐射冷却。降水类型：云、雨、冰雹、雪、露水和雾。

Atmospheric moisture processes: evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting, deposition, and sublimation.

Causes of precipitation: convection, frontal and orographic uplift of air, and radiation cooling. Types of precipitation: clouds, rain, hail, snow, dew, and fog.

2.4 The human impact 人类影响

温室效应增强和全球变暖：证据、可能原因和大气影响。

案例研究：候选人必须研究显示人类活动对气候影响的城市区域：温度（热岛）、湿度、降水和风。

The enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming: the evidence, possible causes and atmospheric impacts.

Case study: candidates must study an urban area which shows the effects of human activity on climate: temperature (heat island), humidity, precipitation and winds.

3

Rocks and Weathering

岩石和风化

3.1 Plate tectonics 板块构造

构造板块的性质及其全球格局。

板块边界的类型：发散的（建设性的）、保守的和收敛的（破坏性的）。

过程及相关地貌：海底扩张、俯冲、褶皱造山、海洋

山脊、海沟和火山岛弧。

Nature of tectonic plates and their global patterns.

Types of plate boundaries: divergent (constructive), conservative and convergent (destructive).

Processes and associated landforms: sea floor spreading, subduction, fold mountain building, ocean

ridges, ocean trenches, and volcanic island arcs.

3.2 Weathering 风化

物理（机械）风化过程：冻融、加热/冷却、盐晶体生长、

压力释放（扩张）和植被根系作用。

化学风化过程：水解、水化和碳化。

影响风化类型和速率的一般因素：气候、岩石类型、岩石结构、

植被和救济。

影响风化类型和速率的具体因素：温度和降雨量（珀尔帖图）。

Physical (mechanical) weathering processes: freeze-thaw, heating/cooling, salt crystal growth,

pressure release (dilatation), and vegetation root action.

Chemical weathering processes: hydrolysis, hydration, and carbonation.

General factors affecting the type and rate of weathering: climate, rock type, rock structure,

vegetation, and relief.

Specific factors affecting the type and rate of weathering: temperature and rainfall (Peltier diagram).

3.3 Slope processes 斜坡过程

斜坡过程，每个过程发生的条件和对斜坡的影响。

群众运动：起伏、流动、滑动和跌落。

斜坡上的水和泥沙运动：雨水和地表径流（水洗和小溪）。

Slope processes, conditions under which each occurs and effects on slopes.

Mass movement: heaves, flows, slides, and falls.

Water and sediment movement on slopes: rainsplash and surface runoff (sheetwash and rills).

3.4 The human impact 人类影响

人类活动对边坡稳定性的影响：增加稳定性和降低稳定性。

修改斜坡以减少群众运动的策略：钉扎、网、分级和植树造林。

案例研究：候选人必须研究人类活动对斜坡的影响，以显示对斜坡的影响

斜坡的稳定性，并评估减少群众运动的尝试。

The impact of human activities on the stability of slopes: increasing stability and decreasing stability.

Strategies to modify slopes to reduce mass movements: pinning, netting, grading and afforestation.

Case study: candidates must study the impacts of human activity on slopes showing the effect on

the stability of the slope, and evaluate attempts to reduce mass movement.

,