kubernetes中的配置管理（一份详尽的利用）

絀莪迣堺 2022-12-27 02:44:59

概述

kubernetes集群的搭建方法其实有多种，比如我在之前的文章《利用K8S技术栈打造个人私有云（连载之：K8S集群搭建）》中使用的就是二进制的安装方法。虽然这种方法有利于我们理解 k8s集群，但却过于繁琐。而 kubeadm是 Kubernetes官方提供的用于快速部署Kubernetes集群的工具，其历经发展如今已经比较成熟了，利用其来部署 Kubernetes集群可以说是非常好上手，操作起来也简便了许多，因此本文详细叙述之。

注：本文首发于 My Personal Blog：CodeSheep·程序羊，欢迎光临小站

节点规划

本文准备部署一个 一主两从 的 三节点 Kubernetes集群，整体节点规划如下表所示：

主机名IP角色k8s-master192.168.39.79k8s主节点k8s-node-1192.168.39.77k8s从节点k8s-node-2192.168.39.78k8s从节点

下面介绍一下各个节点的软件版本：
操作系统：CentOS-7.4-64Bit
Docker版本：1.13.1
Kubernetes版本：1.13.1

所有节点都需要安装以下组件：
Docker：不用多说了吧
kubelet：运行于所有 Node上，负责启动容器和 Pod
kubeadm：负责初始化集群
kubectl： k8s命令行工具，通过其可以部署/管理应用以及CRUD各种资源

准备工作
所有节点关闭防火墙

systemctl disable firewalld.service systemctl stop firewalld.service
禁用SELINUX

setenforce 0 vi /etc/selinux/config SELINUX=disabled
所有节点关闭 swap

swapoff -a
设置所有节点主机名

hostnamectl --static set-hostname k8s-master hostnamectl --static set-hostname k8s-node-1 hostnamectl --static set-hostname k8s-node-2
所有节点主机名/IP加入 hosts解析

编辑 /etc/hosts文件，加入以下内容：

192.168.39.79 k8s-master 192.168.39.77 k8s-node-1 192.168.39.78 k8s-node-2

组件安装

0x01. Docker安装（所有节点）

不赘述 ! ! !

0x02. kubelet、kubeadm、kubectl安装（所有节点）
首先准备repo

cat>>/etc/yum.repos.d/kubrenetes.repo<<EOF [kubernetes] name=Kubernetes Repo baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/ gpgcheck=0 gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg EOF
然后执行如下指令来进行安装

setenforce 0 sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX= disabled/' /etc/selinux/config yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet

Master节点配置

0x01. 初始化 k8s集群

为了应对网络不畅通的问题，我们国内网络环境只能提前手动下载相关镜像并重新打 tag :

docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/pause:3.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd:3.2.24 docker pull coredns/coredns:1.2.6 docker pull registry.cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/cp_m/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/pause:3.1 k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd:3.2.24 k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.2.24 docker tag coredns/coredns:1.2.6 k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.2.6 docker tag registry.cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/cp_m/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/pause:3.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd:3.2.24 docker rmi coredns/coredns:1.2.6 docker rmi registry.cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/cp_m/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64

然后再在 Master节点上执行如下命令初始化 k8s集群：

kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=v1.13.1 --apiserver-advertise-address 192.168.39.79 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
--kubernetes-version: 用于指定 k8s版本
--apiserver-advertise-address：用于指定使用 Master的哪个network interface进行通信，若不指定，则 kubeadm会自动选择具有默认网关的 interface
--pod-network-cidr：用于指定Pod的网络范围。该参数使用依赖于使用的网络方案，本文将使用经典的flannel网络方案。

执行命令后，控制台给出了如下所示的详细集群初始化过程：

[root@localhost ~]# kubeadm init --config kubeadm-config.yaml W1224 11:01:25.408209 10137 strict.go:54] error unmarshaling configuration schema.GroupVersionKind{Group:"kubeadm.k8s.io", Version:"v1beta1", Kind:"ClusterConfiguration"}: error unmarshaling JSON: while decoding JSON: json: unknown field "\u00a0 podSubnet” [init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.1 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster [preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection [preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull’ [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env” [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml” [kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service [certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki” [certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key [certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost.localdomain localhost] and IPs [192.168.39.79 127.0.0.1 ::1] [certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key [certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost.localdomain localhost] and IPs [192.168.39.79 127.0.0.1 ::1] [certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key [certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost.localdomain kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.39.79] [certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "sa" key and public key [kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes” [kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file [control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests” [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver” [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager” [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler” [etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests” [wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s [apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 24.005638 seconds [uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system” Namespace [kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster [patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "localhost.localdomain" as an annotation [mark-control-plane] Marking the node localhost.localdomain as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''” [mark-control-plane] Marking the node localhost.localdomain as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule] [bootstrap-token] Using token: 26uprk.t7vpbwxojest0tvq [bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster [bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public” namespace [addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS [addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully! To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user: mkdir -p $HOME/.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster. Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/ You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node as root: kubeadm join 192.168.39.79:6443 --token 26uprk.t7vpbwxojest0tvq --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:028727c0c21f22dd29d119b080dcbebb37f5545e7da1968800140ffe225b0123 [root@localhost ~]#

0x02. 配置 kubectl

在 Master上用 root用户执行下列命令来配置 kubectl：

echo "export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf" >> /etc/profile source /etc/profile echo $KUBECONFIG

0x03. 安装Pod网络

安装 Pod网络是 Pod之间进行通信的必要条件，k8s支持众多网络方案，这里我们依然选用经典的 flannel方案
首先设置系统参数：

sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
然后在 Master节点上执行如下命令：

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yaml

kube-flannel.yaml 文件在此

一旦 Pod网络安装完成，可以执行如下命令检查一下 CoreDNS Pod此刻是否正常运行起来了，一旦其正常运行起来，则可以继续后续步骤

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o wide

同时我们可以看到主节点已经就绪：kubectl get nodes

添加 Slave节点

在两个 Slave节点上分别执行如下命令来让其加入Master上已经就绪了的 k8s集群：

kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

如果 token忘记，则可以去 Master上执行如下命令来获取：

kubeadm token list

上述kubectl join命令的执行结果如下：

[root@localhost ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.39.79:6443 --token yndddp.oamgloerxuune80q --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7a45c40b5302aba7d8b9cbd3afc6d25c6bb8536dd6317aebcd2909b0427677c8 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [discovery] Trying to connect to API Server "192.168.39.79:6443” [discovery] Created cluster-info discovery client, requesting info from "https://192.168.39.79:6443” [discovery] Requesting info from "https://192.168.39.79:6443" again to validate TLS against the pinned public key [discovery] Cluster info signature and contents are valid and TLS certificate validates against pinned roots, will use API Server "192.168.39.79:6443” [discovery] Successfully established connection with API Server "192.168.39.79:6443” [join] Reading configuration from the cluster… [join] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml’ [kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.13" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml” [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env” [kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service [tlsbootstrap] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap… [patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "localhost.localdomain" as an annotation This node has joined the cluster: * Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received. * The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details. Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this node join the cluster.

效果验证
查看节点状态

kubectl get nodes

查看所有 Pod状态

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o wide

好了，集群现在已经正常运行了，接下来看看如何正常的拆卸集群。

拆卸集群

首先处理各节点：

kubectl drain <node name> --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets kubectl delete node <node name>

一旦节点移除之后，则可以执行如下命令来重置集群：

kubeadm reset

安装 dashboard

就像给elasticsearch配一个可视化的管理工具一样，我们最好也给 k8s集群配一个可视化的管理工具，便于管理集群。

因此我们接下来安装 v1.10.0版本的 kubernetes-dashboard，用于集群可视化的管理。
首先手动下载镜像并重新打标签：（所有节点）

docker pull registry.cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/wangxiaoke/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0 docker tag registry.cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/wangxiaoke/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0 k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0 docker image rm registry.cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/wangxiaoke/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0
安装 dashboard：

kubectl create -f dashboard.yaml

dashboard.yaml 文件在此
查看 dashboard的 pod是否正常启动，如果正常说明安装成功:

kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system [root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE coredns-86c58d9df4-4rds2 1/1 Running 0 81m coredns-86c58d9df4-rhtgq 1/1 Running 0 81m etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kube-flannel-ds-amd64-8qzpx 1/1 Running 0 78m kube-flannel-ds-amd64-jvp59 1/1 Running 0 77m kube-flannel-ds-amd64-wztbk 1/1 Running 0 78m kube-proxy-crr7k 1/1 Running 0 81m kube-proxy-gk5vf 1/1 Running 0 78m kube-proxy-ktr27 1/1 Running 0 77m kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kubernetes-dashboard-79ff88449c-v2jnc 1/1 Running 0 21s
查看 dashboard的外网暴露端口

kubectl get service --namespace=kube-system NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kube-dns ClusterIP 10.96.0.10 <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP 5h38m kubernetes-dashboard NodePort 10.99.242.186 <none> 443:31234/TCP 14
生成私钥和证书签名：

openssl genrsa -des3 -passout pass:x -out dashboard.pass.key 2048 openssl rsa -passin pass:x -in dashboard.pass.key -out dashboard.key rm dashboard.pass.key openssl req -new -key dashboard.key -out dashboard.csr【如遇输入，一路回车即可】
生成SSL证书：

openssl x509 -req -sha256 -days 365 -in dashboard.csr -signkey dashboard.key -out dashboard.crt
然后将生成的 dashboard.key 和 dashboard.crt置于路径 /home/share/certs下，该路径会配置到下面即将要操作的

dashboard-user-role.yaml文件中
创建 dashboard用户

kubectl create -f dashboard-user-role.yaml

dashboard-user-role.yaml 文件在此
获取登陆token

kubectl describe secret/$(kubectl get secret -nkube-system |grep admin|awk '{print $1}') -nkube-system [root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe secret/$(kubectl get secret -nkube-system |grep admin|awk '{print $1}') -nkube-system Name: admin-token-9d4vl Namespace: kube-system Labels: <none> Annotations: kubernetes.io/service-account.name: admin kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: a320b00f-07ed-11e9-93f2-000c2978f207 Type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token Data ==== ca.crt: 1025 bytes namespace: 11 bytes token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJrdWJlLXN5c3RlbSIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VjcmV0Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbi10b2tlbi05ZDR2bCIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50LnVpZCI6ImEzMjBiMDBmLTA3ZWQtMTFlOS05M2YyLTAwMGMyOTc4ZjIwNyIsInN1YiI6InN5c3RlbTpzZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudDprdWJlLXN5c3RlbTphZG1pbiJ9.WbaHx-BfZEd0SvJwA9V_vGUe8jPMUHjKlkT7MWJ4JcQldRFY8Tdpv5GKCY25JsvT_GM3ob303r0yE6vjQdKna7EfQNO_Wb2j1Yu5UvZnWw52HhNudHNOVL_fFRKxkSVjAILA_C_HvW6aw6TG5h7zHARgl71I0LpW1VESeHeThipQ-pkt-Dr1jWcpPgE39cwxSgi-5qY4ssbyYBc2aPYLsqJibmE-KUhwmyOheF4Lxpg7E3SQEczsig2HjXpNtJizCu0kPyiR4qbbsusulH-kdgjhmD9_XWP9k0BzgutXWteV8Iqe4-uuRGHZAxgutCvaL5qENv4OAlaArlZqSgkNWw

token既然生成成功，接下来就可以打开浏览器，输入 token来登录进集群管理页面：

后记

由于能力有限，若有错误或者不当之处，还请大家批评指正，一起学习交流！

作者：CodeSheep

原文：https://my.oschina.net/hansonwang99/blog/2993870
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