0基础怎么写英语作文(英语语法四大原则)
英语句子的构成原则在解题和写作中都发挥着重要作用,它主要包括以下四大原则:
一、避免直接连接原则
逗号是句内符号,有分隔作用,但不具备连接作用。因此,两个或两个以上分句不能使用逗号直接连接。解决此问题有两种途径:
1.在一个分句前加连词
(1)The book was written in 1946,______ the education system has witnessed great changes.
A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when
(2)The book was written in 1946,and ______ the education system has witnessed great changes.
A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when
解析(1)D;(2)C。题(1)前后句用逗号隔开,为主从关系,需要选择具有连接作用的关联词,故排除选项C;从定语从句时态上考虑,只有since常与完成时连用,故排除选项A和B;题(2)中并列连词and提示前后句为并列关系,故只能选择时间状语since then(打那以后)。
2.将一个分句的谓语动词变为非谓语动词
(1)______ this picture with that one and you’ll find there are a lot of differences between them.
A.To compare B.Compared C.Comparing D.Compare
(2)______ this picture with that one,you’ll find there are a lot of differences between them.
A.To compare B.Compared C.Comparing D.Compare
解析(1)D;(2)C。题(1)中前后分句有并列连词连接,考查的是祈使句基本句型,即“动词 宾语 连词 谓语用将来时的一般陈述句”。题(2)中前后句用逗号隔开,为主从关系,考查非谓语动词作状语。
二、平行一致原则
两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能一致并由并列连词或其他连接方式连接起来的语法结构称之为平行结构,所连接的部分构成并列、平行关系。这包含两个方面的含义:
1.形式平行
并列平行结构存在着不同的层次,可以是词与词、词组与词组、分句与分句的并列平行。由并列连词连接的并列谓语,若前后句动作的进展无明显先后顺序,则谓语时态应相互一致。几个并列成分之间常用逗号隔开,只在最后一个并列成分前用并列连词。
(1)As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not ______,and asked myself what I was going to do.
A.moved B.moving C.move D.being moved
(2)As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,did not ______,and asked myself what I was going to do.
A.moved B.moving C.move D.being moved
解析(1)B;(2)C。题(1)动词-ing形式作状语表示伴随的状态。其否定构成只要直接在其前加not即可。并列连词and连接谓语动词stood和asked。题(2)中谓语动词stood,didnot move和asked通过并列连词and连接,构成并列关系。
2.功用平行
被连接的两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能一致的语法结构在功用上是平行的,不存在主从或主次之分,主要由并列连词连接,不能使用从属连词、关系代词或关系副词连接。
(1)The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday,but ______ didn’t help.
A.it B.she C.which D.he
(2)The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday,______ didn’t help.
A.it B.she C.which D.he
解析(1)A;(2)C。题(1)中it用来指代前面整个句子,但仅用做句子成分,不可连接前后句,故常和并列连词连用;题(2)中前后句仅用逗号隔开,逗号为句内符号,暗示前后句为主从关系,which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整句子。
三、句尾重心原则
英语句法上要避免头重脚轻,尽可能实现句子结构的平衡。从结构上看,凡是词数较多或语法结构较为复杂的成分一般都出现在句尾, 这种词序结构叫做句尾重心。一般可通过三种表现方式实现:
1.后置
借助it作形式主语或宾语,将真正主语或宾语后置,从而改变句子的语序。
(1)______ is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.
A.It B.As C.That D.What
(2)______ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.
A.It B.As C.That D.What
解析(1)B;(2)A。题(1)中逗号暗示前后句为主从关系,从句缺少主语,所以需要一个能够指代后边整个句子的词,故选择关系代词as。题(2)中that从句为真正主语,it为形式主语,仅作句子成分,不具备连接作用。
2.分隔
定语从句或同位语从句和先行词有时被其他成分隔开,从而形成分隔修饰,给解题带来干扰,解题关键是找准先行词。
(1)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.
A.where B.who C.which D.what
(2)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ wouldstay for an hour.
A.where B.who C.which D.what
解析(1)A;(2)B。题(1)中先行词thetraining centre被介词短语with her sister隔开,形成分隔修饰。从句缺少状语,只有选择表示地点的关系副词where。题(2)中her sister为先行词,后面接的定语从句缺少主语,选择指人的关系代词。
3.倒装
有时为了句子结构需要,主语太长需要后置,将句子的谓语动词、表语或状语(副词或介词)等移置句首,构成倒装。
(1)______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger,more prosperous economy.
A.As B.That C.This D.Such
(2)______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger,more prosperous economy.
A.As B.That C.It D.This
解析(1)D;(2)C。上述两题虽题干相同,但答案不同。题(1)中such表示“这样的人或物”,构成“such is 主语”结构,our belief后面的从句为同位语从句。题(2)中使用it作形式主语,而后置的that从句为主语从句,that无意义,只起连接作用。
四、避免重复累赘原则
为了表意和流畅的需要,遣词造句应避免重复累赘的原则。为此,有两种途径:
1.省略
省略可以有效地避免重复,突出新信息。省略时应坚持“只要不损害语法结构或产生歧义,能省则省”的原则。
(1)______ and I’ll get the work finished.
A.Have one more hour B.One more hour C.Given one more hour D.If I have one more hour
(2)______,I’ll get the work finished.
A.Have one more hour B.One morehour C.Given one more hour D.I have one more hour
解析(1)B;(2)C。题(1)中考查祈使句句式的选择及对祈使句主语的认知。若将题干中and 删除再加个逗号,选项C、D也可入选。祈使句的主语通常为you且省略,故答案A与后半句相矛盾,若将have改为give则A选项亦对。题(2) 中前后句无并列连词,仅使用逗号隔开,可判断前后句为主从关系,使用非谓语动词作状语,表示假设。
2.替代
替代也是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段, 替代的结果是使替代词邻近的词语得到强调。
(1)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,______ I will alwaystreasure.
A.that B.one C.it D.what
(2)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment ______ I willalways treasure.
A.that B.one C.it D.what
解析(1)B;(2)A。题(1)中one为替代词,替代moment表泛指,在句中用作同位语,同时还是后面定语从句的先行词,此处省略了关系代词that/which。题(2)中moment为先行词,其后直接接定语从句。
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