弗洛伊德（弗洛伊德的精神分析理论）

Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) was initially a doctor specializing in mental disease ( psychiatry ) in Austria and the founder of psychoanalysis. He first studied under J. M. Charcot in Paris between1885- 1886, and then in collaboration with Josef Breuer in Vienna,where he used hypnosis in the treatment of hysteria. He abandoned this methodology for a method of free association and dream analysis,which he called psychoanalysis. At first, he put much emphasis on the role of the unconscious in personality development and discovered the importance of infantile sexuality and the Oedipus complex. He also outlined some other important principles and concepts, like pleasure-pain complex, repression-compulsion complex, libido, ego, id, etc,until he finally established his theory and widened his influences as the founder of the school.

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856-1939）最初是奥地利一位专门研究精神疾病（精神病学）的医生，也是精神分析学的创始人。1885年至1886年间，他首先在巴黎的J.M.Charcot手下学习，然后在维也纳与Josef Breuer合作，在那里他使用催眠术治疗歇斯底里症。放弃这种治疗方法后，他转而采用自由联想和梦的分析方法，也就是他所谓的精神分析法。首先，他非常重视潜意识在人格发展中的作用，并发现了婴儿性行为和俄狄浦斯情结的重要性。他还概述了其他一些重要的原则和概念，如快感-疼痛情结、压抑-强迫情结、力比多、自我、本我等，直到他最终确立了自己的理论，并扩大了作为该学派创始人的影响。

1) Components of psychoanalysis

i. Treatment

In developing methods of treatment for the mental disease and his related theories，many of Freud's concepts came from his own medical practice as a psychiatrist. For instance, he held that mentally healthy people and the mentally unhealthy only differ in degree. Healthy people also suffer from some unhealthy elements while the unhealthy enjoy some healthy elements in their make-up.

1） 精神分析的组成部分

i、 治疗

在开发精神疾病的治疗方法及其相关理论时，弗洛伊德的许多概念都来自他作为精神病学家的医疗实践。例如，他认为精神健康的人和精神不健康的人只是程度不同。健康的人也会受到一些不健康因素的影响，而不健康的人则会在佯装的行为中享受一些健康元素。

ii. Psychology

Traditional psychology was, for Freud, limited in its range and objectives for the study of conscious psychological processes. Freud assumed that psychology , was made up of many elements, both conscious and unconscious. The unconscious mind was more extensive and more primitive area of the human psyche. Freud's exposure of the nature of the unconscious and its status and meaning in the man's psychological process constitutes the core content of the psychoanalysis as medical procedure. His concepts of the unconscious and the libido were developed as a core part of Freud's theory.

ii、心理学

弗洛伊德认为，传统心理学研究意识心理过程的范围和目标有限。弗洛伊德认为心理学是由许多因素组成的，包括意识和无意识。潜意识是人类心理中更广泛、更原始的领域。弗洛伊德对无意识的本质及其在人的心理过程中的地位和意义的揭示，构成了作为医疗过程的精神分析的核心内容。他的潜意识和力比多概念是弗洛伊德理论的核心部分。

iii. Philosophy

When Freud's theory was further developed beyond just a study of mentally affected people to the mentally normal, its philosophical implications manifested themselves. When the range of Freud's study was no longer confined to psychology, but extended to all of human behaviour, including worship of religion, scientific research, artistic and literary creation，and other cultural behaviours, he applied psychoanalysis to the study of universal laws for all human activities,the philosophical potential of psychoanalytical theory was revealed.

iii、哲学

当弗洛伊德的理论得到进一步发展，不仅仅是对精神受影响者的研究，而是对精神正常者的研究时，它的哲学含义就显现出来了。当弗洛伊德的研究范围不再局限于心理学，而是扩展到所有人类行为，包括宗教崇拜、科学研究、艺术和文学创作以及其他文化行为时，他将精神分析应用于所有人类活动的普遍规律的研究，揭示了精神分析理论的哲学潜力。

2) Theory of the unconscious

The unconscious was the core of Freud's theory, which he called deep-level psychology. According to him, the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires, which could not be tolerated due to social customs, moral taboos and the legal system. He introduced later the three concepts; the id, the ego and the superego, to explain the conflicts occurring within the realm of the unconscious. The id referred to basic instincts, like the libido, the desire to live, the fear of death and the urge to pursue happiness etc. Superego referred to the capacity of the mind to exercise constraints derived from moral and legal principles. The ego meant that part of the id in the unconscious which, under the stimulation and influences of the outside environment, produced a kind of special protective structure and showed a function of relaxation and mediation by accepting or rejecting the induction from the outside. The function of this kind was called ego. Principally ego was controlled by reason but sometimes could be influenced by instinct.

2） 无意识理论

无意识是弗洛伊德理论的核心，他称之为深层心理学。在他看来，人类的潜意识就像冰山的水下部分，隐藏着许多本能冲动和压抑的欲望，这些冲动和欲望由于社会习俗、道德禁忌和法律制度而无法容忍。他后来介绍了这三个概念；本我、自我和超我，用来解释潜意识领域内发生的冲突。本我指的是基本本能，如性欲、求生欲望、对死亡的恐惧和追求幸福的冲动等。超我指的是大脑行使道德和法律原则约束的能力。自我是指潜意识中本我的一部分，在外界环境的刺激和影响下，产生一种特殊的保护结构，通过接受或拒绝外界的诱导而表现出放松和调停的功能。这种功能被称为自我。自我主要受理性控制，但有时也会受到本能的影响。

3) Development of Freud's theory and its disparities Freud's theory was basically established by him alone. He fought hard in its defence and gradually won increasing understanding and acceptance for it. In addition, in 1910, an international conference was convened in Nuremberg to proclaim formally the founding of the school of psychoanalysis and its acceptance by the Western world.

3） 弗洛伊德理论的发展及分化

弗洛伊德的理论基本上是由他独自创立的。他努力为它辩护，并逐渐为它赢得了越来越多的理解和接受。此外，1910年，在纽伦堡召开了一次国际会议，正式宣布精神分析学派的成立并为西方世界所接受。

However, following that conference, disparities and disputes occurred between Freud's followers and himself, and the school split into several minor factions. For example, Jung and Adler made their revisions to his theory. Jung held that the libido was not limited to individual impulses, but extended to a general and natural life force or drive， including sexual, nutritional, and growth drives and all other primitive motivations. Also he thought the unconscious was not just confined to an individual. It could also involve a collective human unconscious and that collective unconscious was ,even more fundamental and primitive. Thus, Jung established his analytical psychology in conjunction with Adler, who held that human instinct was not determined by biological instinctive powers, but by social forces. The primitive factor motivating human behaviour was not the sexual alone, but others such as the sense of self-disgust caused by physical disabilities， frustration over spiritual or social hindrances, the desire to seek power or a sense of superiority. These were the real driving forces behind human performances. This was probably the basis of Adler's psychology of the individual.

然而，在那次会议之后，弗洛伊德的追随者和他自己之间发生了分歧和争端，学派分裂成几个小派别。例如，荣格和阿德勒对他的理论进行了修正。荣格认为，力比多不局限于个人冲动，而是扩展到一般和自然的生命力或驱动力，包括性、营养和生长驱动力以及所有其他原始动机。他还认为潜意识不仅仅局限于个人。它还可能涉及人类集体无意识，而集体无意识甚至更为基本和原始。因此，荣格与阿德勒共同创立了他的分析心理学，阿德勒认为人类的本能不是由生物本能决定的，而是由社会力量决定的。激发人类行为的原始因素不仅仅是性，还有其他因素，如身体残疾引起的自我厌恶感、对精神或社会障碍的沮丧、寻求权力的欲望或优越感。这些是人类行为背后的真正驱动力。这可能是阿德勒个人心理学的基础。

The second stage of the development of Freud's theory was the work of Horney, Sullivan and Fromm，who expanded Freud's theory from the realm of biology and psychology to that of sociology. They affirmed some basic tenets of Freud's theory, but at the same time claimed that there were great influences on human behaviours derived from social and cultural factors.

弗洛伊德理论发展的第二个阶段是霍尼、沙利文和弗洛姆的工作，他们将弗洛伊德的理论从生物学和心理学领域扩展到社会学领域。他们肯定了弗洛伊德理论的一些基本原则，但同时声称社会和文化因素对人类行为有很大的影响。

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