技术参考文献的应用（文献速递理论应用和争议中的通用技术）

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技术参考文献的应用

英文题目：General purpose technologies in theory, application and controversy: a review

摘要：确定了通用技术（GPT）的区分特征并讨论了定义。我们的定义包括多功能和单活方法技术，根据它们的微技术特征定义它们，而不是其宏观经济效应。将技术识别为GPT需要识别其进化性，并接受有关边际案件的可能不确定性。许多现有的关于特定技术是否是GPT的测试是基于GPT理论预测或可以建立什么测试的误解。

概述了正式的GPT理论的发展，表明只有早期理论才能预测GPT引起的摊牌和潮流的必然性。最近的GPT理论旨在模拟GPT的特征，并不意味着具有特定宏观效应的必要性。我们表明，GPT可以使生长过程恢复活力，而不会导致减慢或潮流。我们得出的结论是，现有对GPT理论的批评可以得到解决，并且该概念对经济理论仍然有用。

Abstract:Distinguishing characteristics of General Purpose Technologies (GPTs) are identified and definitions discussed. Our definition includes multipurpose and single-purpose technologies, defining them according to their micro-technological characteristics, not their macro-economic effects. Identifying technologies as GPTs requires recognizing their evolutionary nature, and accepting possible uncertainties concerning marginal cases. Many of the existing tests' of whether particular technologies are GPTs are based on misunderstandings either of what GPT theory predicts or what such tests can establish.

The development of formal GPT theories is outlined, showing that only the early theories predicted the inevitability of GPT-induced showdown and surges. More recent GPT theories, designed to model the characteristics of GPTs, do not imply the necessity of specific macro effects. We show that GPTs can rejuvenate the growth process without causing slowdowns or surges. We conclude that existing criticisms of GPT theory can be resolved and that the concept remains useful for economic theory.

来源期刊：JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS，2018年

参考文献格式：Bekar, Clifford&Carlaw, Kenneth&Lipsey, Richard.General purpose technologies in theory, application and controversy: areview[J].JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS,2018,28(5):1005-1033