对于一国两制的感悟（一国两制漫谈④）

作者：萧平

XIAO PING

资深时事评论员。

Why must "one country, two systems" be viewed from two perspectives?

“一国两制”是一个完整的概念。从字面看，前面是“一国”，后面是“两制”，道出了它们之间的相互关系，体现了两者不可分割。要准确定义“一国两制”就必须讲两句话、两个方面，把两者的关系讲清楚。割裂“两制”与“一国”，甚至以“两制”之名对抗“一国”，这是回归後香港出现种种背离“一国两制”乱象的根源。

"One country, two systems" is an integral concept. That "one country" precedes "two systems" lays bare their relationship and inseparability. To accurately define the framework and the relationship between the two, we must touch on two aspects. Since its reunification with the motherland, Hong Kong has witnessed a slew of social disputes and disorders, chiefly stemming from the attempts by some quarters of society to sever "two systems" from "one country", or even to resist "one country" under the pretext of "two systems".

九七前后的很长一段时间，对“一国两制”的宣介不够完整。那时过多强调“港人治港”、高度自治，强调中央不干预特区内部事务，强调香港遇到问题的时候祖国内地是坚强後盾，甚至还讲“两制”是“井水不犯河水”。这些说法并不全错，但不全面，久而久之容易导致重一制轻另一制，似乎香港只享有权利，而中央和内地全是义务。别有用心者则以“反干预”之名排斥中央权力，区隔“两制”，抗拒“一国”。

The promotion and presentation of "one country, two systems" was incomplete and faulty during a long period before and after Hong Kong’s return in 1997. There was an overemphasis on "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong" and "a high degree of autonomy"; and it was stressed that the central government would not intervene in the local affairs of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region while providing Hong Kong dependable support whenever necessary. It was even said that "the well water does not mix with the river water". Such assertions are incomplete, though not completely faulty. The incomplete understanding of the "one country, two systems" framework has created a misconception that Hong Kong only has rights to enjoy whereas the central government and the Chinese mainland only have responsibilities to fulfill toward the HKSAR. Taking advantage of this misconception, people with ulterior motives have resisted the constitutional power vested in the central government in the name of "counter-intervention". By severing "two systems" from "one country", they are resisting "one country".

其实，“井水”、“河水”只是一个不太严谨的比喻，内地与香港、中央与特区，是不可或缺的一体两面。有心人会注意到，自中共十八大以后，“一国两制”的表述都讲两句话了，即从国家和香港两个方面把它讲完整。比如，“维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，维护香港、澳门长期繁荣稳定”（十八大）; “依法行使中央权力，依法保障高度自治”（十八届四中全会）;“ 必须把维护中央对香港、澳门特别行政区全面管治权和保障特别行政区高度自治权有机结合起来”（十九大）。这些表述有一个共同的特征，就是国家在前，香港在后。也就是说，“两制”是“一国”之下的“两制”，实施“一国两制”必须把国家利益放在第一位。

In fact, likening the relationship between "one country" and "two systems" to that between well water and river water is an imprecise metaphor. The mainland and Hong Kong are two sides of the same coin; so are the central government and the SAR government. Keen observers should have noticed that ever since the convening of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, "one country, two systems" has been elaborated on from both the national and Hong Kong perspectives. For instance, "safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests, maintaining the long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao" was emphasized in the 18th CPC National Congress; "exercise the central government’s power in accordance with the law, ensure a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the law" in the fourth plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee; "it is imperative for the central government’s overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong and Hong Kong’s high degree of autonomy to be melded in an organic way" in the 19th CPC National Congress. These expressions share a common feature, that is, the "country" comes before "Hong Kong". In other words, "two systems" exists only when "one country" exists; and national interests must be given top priority when implementing "one country, two systems".

中央一再强调，贯彻“一国两制”方针，既要“坚定不移”，还要“全面准确”。在香港回归祖国20周年庆典上，主席对“一国”与“两制”的关系做了透彻说明。他说，“一国”是实行“两制”的前提和基础，“两制”从属和派生于“一国”，并统一于“一国”之内。“一国”是根，根深才能叶茂；“一国”是本，本固才能枝荣。这番话，是理解“一国”与“两制”关系的逻辑起点，是必要的正本清源。

The central government has repeatedly emphasized that "one country, two systems" must be implemented accurately and fully. At the ceremony marking the 20th anniversary of Hong Kong’s return to the motherland, President Xi Jinping elaborated on the relationship between "one country" and "two systems". "'One country' is the premise and basis of 'two systems', and 'two systems' is subordinate to and derived from ‘one country'". "'One country’ is like the roots of a tree. For a tree to grow tall and luxuriant, its roots must run deep and strong", Xi explained. His remarks should have helped people correctly understand the relationship between "one country" and "two systems", and clarified the authentic definition of the framework.

万变不离其宗。“坚持‘一国’原则和尊重‘两制’差异”，“发挥祖国内地坚强後盾作用和提高特别行政区自身竞争力”，“坚守‘一国’之本，善用“两制”之利”，这些说法都是根与叶、源与流的坚守和拓展。

The expressions might be varied. But they are all based on the same principle. "Adhering to the 'one country' principle while respecting the differences between 'two systems', "making full use of the motherland's support and the SAR's competitive edges", and "making good use of the advantages of 'one country, two systems'" — expressions like these are all derived from the same principle.

邓小平曾经谆谆告诫港人，社会主义的内地是“一国两制”的主体和保证，“这是个前提，没有这个前提不行”。如果国家主体的制度变了，“香港的繁荣和稳定也会吹的”。“不讲两个方面，‘一国两制’几十年不变就行不通了。”

Deng Xiaoping had repeatedly reminded Hong Kong people: The socialist mainland is both the main body and foundation of the "one country, two systems" framework; "it wouldn’t work without this premise", and Hong Kong's prosperity and stability wouldn't last if the country’s main body has its political institution changed. "One country, two systems" wouldn't be possible without giving full consideration to these two aspects.

原文刊登于4月9日《中国日报香港版》

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