英语从属连词的用法归纳（英语语法学习从属连词和并列连词的知识点归纳整理）

NO.1 定义连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词，下面我们就来说一说关于英语从属连词的用法归纳?我们一起去了解并探讨一下这个问题吧!

英语从属连词的用法归纳

NO.1 定义

连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。

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NO.2 区别

从属连词

从属连词分为两大类，即引导状语从句的从属连词和引导名词性从句的从属连词。

1、引导状语从句的从属连词

英语中大多数从属连词用来引导状语从句，并且引导的状语从句位置比较灵活，大多位于主句之前或之后皆可，位于主句之前时通常用逗号隔开。从引导状语从句的连词的意义来看，可分为引导时间、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件等名种从句的连词。

（1）引导时间状语从句的从属连词

①此类连词主要有：when, while, after, before, as, as soon as , now(that), until, till, once, since,whenever, no sooner...than, hardly/barely/scarcely...when等。

When I got to the theatre, I found that they had sold all the tickets.当到达剧院时，我发现票已售完。

We should strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。

Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.进入大学以来，他在学业上已经取得了很大进步。

They kept on working until it became dark.他们一直工作到天黑。

Once you begin , you must go on. 你一旦开始，就必须继续下去。

You seem to have a ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question.每逢我问你问题, 你总好象有现成的答案。

Now (that) you are here, you'd better stay.你既然来了，那就不要走了。

No sooner had they got to the field than it began to rain.他们刚到田里就开始下雨了。

Hardly had he set foot on his native land when he felt comfortable.他一踏上祖国的土地就感到心情舒畅。

注意：no sooner, hardly等位于句首时需用倒装语序。

②every time, each time, next time, the last time, the moment等，引导句子其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。

She felt a thrill the moment she got into the theatre.她一进剧场就感到一种激动。

Every time he got to Beijing, he came to see me.每次他来北京，他都来看我。

（2）引导原因状语从句的从属连词

此类连词主要有because, as, since, now(that)，等。because引导的从句表示产生某种结果的必然的因果关系，语气较重，可回答why问句；since语气较轻，常位于句首；as则语气最轻。

We couldn't cross the river because the water had risen.水已经上涨了，所以我们没能过河。

Since everyone is here, let's begin.既然大家都来了，我们就开始吧。

I must stop writing now, as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了，因为我还有许多工作要做。

Now that you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 既然你有了这个机会，你可以充分的利用它了。

The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for the country.因为这个意大利男孩为国家献出了生命，所以他被誉为英雄。

Why use wood when you can use plastic?既然能用塑料, 为什么还要用木料?

（3）引导让步状语从句的从属连词

此类连词主要有although, though, as, even if, even though,no matter what等。

Though my father is old,yet he wants to do something for our country.我爸虽然老了，可他还要为国家做点事。

Even if there are difficulties， we must do it well.即使有困难，我们也要把工作做好。

Young as I am,I know some of the family secrets.尽管我年龄小，我知道一些家庭秘密。

Nobody believed him no matter what he said.不管他说什么每人相信他。

Much as I have travelled,I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John. 虽然我去了很多地方，但是我从来没有见过像约翰这么能干的人。

（4）引导条件状语从句的从属连词

此类连词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, supposing等。

If we go on polluting the world ,it won't be fit for to live in.如果我们继续污染这个世界，那么这个世界就会不适合我们生活了。

You will fail unless you work hard.除非努力你才不会失败。

You can go out as/so long as you promise to be back soon.只要你保证很快回来，你就可以出去。

What shall we do supposing he won't agree?假定他不同意，我们怎么办？

The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind．如果世贸组织不能容纳占世界人口五分之一的国家，那它就名不符实。

You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不马上走，你要迟到了。

Unless he comes, we won't be able to go.他不来我们不能走。

（5）表示行为方式的从属连词

表示行为方式的从属连词主要有as，as if/though等。

When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.当把铅笔一部分放到水里时，铅笔看上去就像断了。

We did as he told us. 我们照他叮嘱的做了。

He spoke as though he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。注意：以as if引导的状语从句，其谓语动词常用虚拟语气。与现在相反的情况用过去时，与过去相反的情况用过去完成时。

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.整个事情我都记得,就好像此事发生在昨天。

He spoke like that as if he had been there before.他那样说好像他从前去过那里似的。

（6）表示目的的从属连词

表示目的的从属连词主要有that, so that，in order that等。

I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class. 为了上课不迟到我们赶紧走。

John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 约翰把大家关在厨房外边，是为了能够为晚会烹饪出人意料的饭菜。

John saved his money in order that he might buy a bicycle.约翰为了买一辆自行车而把钱节省下来。

Bring it nearer that I may see it better.把它拿近一些, 以便使我看得比较清楚。

Speak slowly so that we can follow you.讲得慢些以便我们能跟得上你。

（7）表示结果的从属连词

表示结果的从属连词，主要有that，so...that，so that，such...that等。

They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他们彼此见到面，高兴得把别的事情都忘记了。

It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.天气非常寒冷， 以至于街上没有任何人。

It is so cold that all the water pipes have frozen.天太冷，所有的水管都冻住了。

His behaviour was such that we all refused to receive him in our homes.他的品行是如此的坏, 我们都拒绝在家里招待他。

（8）表示比较的从属连词

表示比较的从属连词主要有than，as等

John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 约翰踢足球和大维比如果不比他好的话，至少和他踢得一样好。

I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想汉语比其他任何科目都更受欢迎。

Do you think that art is as interesting as music?你认为美术与音乐一样有趣吗?

（9）表示地点的从属连词

表示地点的从属连词主要有where，wherever等。

You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你应当养成习惯，将东西放在你能找到的地方。

After the war, a new school building was put up where there once had been a theatre. 战后，在以前的剧院处建了一所新学校。

Leave her where she is. 把她留在原地。

You can take it with you wherever you go.你不论去哪里，都可随身携带它。

2、引导名词性从名的从属连词

引导名词性从句的词多是连接代词和连接副词，从属边词主要有that，whether, if。

（1） 由从属连词that，whether，if引导

这类连词引导名词性从句时只起连接作用，在从句中不担任任何成分。

We all know that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。（宾语从句）

I’m sorry that you can’t come.很遗憾你不能来。（宾语从句）

My idea is that we should stick to our plan.我的意见是我们应当坚持我们的计划。（表语从句）

I want to know whether/if he will come back soon.我想知道他是否能很快回来。（宾语从句）

Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.这会给我们带来坏处还是好处尚需拭目以待。（主语从句）

The question is whether the book is worth reading.问题是这本书是否值得一读。（表语从句）

（2）由连接代词引导

连接代词除了可以起连接作用外，还可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。连接代词主要有who，whom，whose，which，what, whatever, whoever, whomever等。

Do what he or she tells you to do.按照他/她所告诉你的去做。

What is needed is a change in land ownership.需要做的事就是改变土地的所有制。

What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.他在会议上的发言使入会者大吃一惊。

Can you tell me who that gentleman is? 你能告诉我那位先生是谁么？

They want to know what they can do to help us.他们想知道怎样帮助我们。

They eat whatever they can find. 他们找到什么就吃什么？

Whoever comes will be welcomed.无论谁来都会受到欢迎。

（3）由连接副词引导

连接副词除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语。连接副词主要有when，where，how，why等。

I remember when this used to be a quiet village.我记得那时候这是一个安静的村庄。

Would you please tell me how I can get to the airport? 请告诉我怎样去机场？

I don't know where we are going to have this meeting.我不知道我们到什么地方去开这次会议。

Do you know why he was late? 你知道他为什么迟到吗?

五、特殊的从属连词

状语从句需要一定的连词与主句连接构成主从复合句，英语中这种从属连词是很丰富的。下面介绍几种较特殊的从属连词。

1、分词转化的连词：considering（考虑到、鉴于），given（考虑到），provided/providing（只要、如果），seeing（既然、考虑到），supposing(假如)。

Considering he’s only been learning English a year,he speaks it very well.鉴于他才学了一年英语，他的英语讲得算是很不错的。

Given that they are inexperienced,they’ve done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，他们已经是干得很好的了。

She never minds helping anyone who has nowhere to sleep, provided he’s reasonable. 任何找不到住处的人，只要他们为人正派，她就乐于帮助。

Seeing he refused to help us,there’s no reason why we should now help him.既然他不肯帮助我们，那我们现在也不必非得去帮助他。

Supposing white were black，you would be right.假如白色都能变成黑色，那你就是对的了。

2、动词转化为连词:save that(只是)，suppose(假定)。

I agree with you,save that you have got one or two facts wrong. 我同意你的意见，只是你有一两处地方弄错了。

Supposing they did not believe him what would they do to him?如果他们不相信他的话，他们会把他怎样呢?

3、副词转化为连词:directly（一就），immediately（一就），instantly（一就），now that（既然），once（一旦就）等。

Directly the teacher came in,everyone was quiet.老师一走进来，大家就安静下来了。

I left,immediately the clock struck twelve.钟刚敲12点，我就离开了。

He set off，instantly he heard the news.他一听到这个消息就出发了。

Now（that） you have the chance,you had better make good use of it.既然有此机会，就该好好利用它一下。(如用过去时态，则一般用now that)

Once you begin,you mustn’t stop.一旦开始，就不要停下来了。

4、名词短语用作连词:any moment(无论何时)，the day(当天就)，each time(每次)，every time(每当)，the instant(一就)，the minute（一就），the moment（一就），next time（下次），the way（正如的样子）。

Come and see us any moment you can.什么时候得空请来看看我们。

He called on her the day he arrived.他到的当天就去看望了她。

Each time we call on him,he is reading.每次我们去看他，他都在看书。

She smiles every time she sees me.她见到我时总是面带微笑。

I told you the instant I heard the news.我一听说那个消息马上就通知了你。

We will leave the minute you’re ready.你准备好我们就走。

The moment he spoke we recognized his voice.他刚一开口我们就听出他的声音了。

I’m going to see him next time he comes here.下次他来时我一定要会会他。

They didn’t do it the way we do now.他们当时的做法和我们现在的做法不同。

-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?你记得还欠玛丽的钱了吗？

-Yes.I gave it to her the moment I saw her.记着了。我一看见她就还给她了。

5、the first time表示“第一次”的用法

（1）the first time表示“第一次”，引导表语从句时，强调到说话时为止某一情况或动作的次数，主句中系动词是is，从句谓语用现在完成时态；主句中系动词是was，从句谓语用过去完成时态。

This is the first time he has been late this term．这是他本学期第一次迟到。

That was the first time I had gone to work．那是我第一次上班。

- Do you know our town at all？你了解这座城市吗？

- No，this is the first time I have been here．不了解。这是我第一次来。

（2）the first time表示“第一次……时”，引导时间状语从句，从句中谓语用一般过去时态，侧重点不是要说第一次做了什么，而是要叙述另一情况或动作。

The first time Mr Brown came to China he visited the Great Wall．布朗先生第一次来中国时就游览了长城。

The first time I saw him，he was reading a book．我第一次见到他时，他在看书。

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见她就认为她很好也很诚实。

（3）the first time表示“第一次……的情景”，引导宾语从句，从句谓语用一般过去时来表示。

Do you remember the first time we met？你还记得我们第一次见面的情景吗？

六、从属连词的多义性

1、when

（1）表示时间，意思是“当的时候”。

The fire was put out when they came.他们来到的时候，大火已经被扑灭了。

When I came home my wife was cooking dinner. 我回家时，妻子在做晚饭。

（2）表示条件，意思是“如果，要是”。

When the weather is good，I usually go to the country.如果天气好的话，我通常到乡下去。

Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果机器发生故障, 就把电门关上。

（3）表示原因，意思是“既然”。

I can't tell you when you won't listen. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。

How can he succeed when he won't work?既然他不肯工作，那么他怎么会成功呢?

Why do we take the flag down at night，when we just have to put it up again in the morning?既然我们早上还得把旗升上去，那晚上又为什么要把它降下来呢?

Why do you want a new job when you've got such a good one already?既然你有这么好的一份工作为什么你还想找新工作？

It was an exciting moment for these football fan this year,when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.这是球迷们本年度最兴奋的时刻，因为他们的球队这些年以来第一次赢得世界杯。

（4）表示让步，意思是“虽然，然而，可是”。

He walks when he might ride.他虽然可以坐车，可是他还是步行了。

We have only three chairs when we need five.我们需要五把椅子，可是我们只有三把。

2、while

（l）表示时间，意思是“当的时候”，“和同时”。

We waited while he dined.他吃饭时，我们等着。

Please be quiet while I am talking to you.在我跟你说话的时候，请安静。

（2）表示让步，意思是“虽然，尽管”。

While I understand what you say，I can’t agree with you.虽然你说的我懂，可是我还是不能同意。

While he is respected，he is not liked.他虽受人尊敬，但并不被人喜爱。

（3）表示对比，意思是“而，然而”。

She is very diligent，while he is very lazy.她很勤奋，而他却很懒。

You like sports，while I'd rather read.你爱运动，而我爱看书。

3、as

（1）表示时间，意思是“当的时候，随着”。

I met John as I was coming home。我回家途中遇到约翰。

As a young man，he joined the army.他在年轻时就参了军。

（2）表示原因，意思是“由于，因为”。

As he was not well，I decided to go without him.因为他身体不好，我决定独自去了。

She stayed at home as she had no car.她因没有汽车而留在家里。

（3）表示比较，意思是“像一样”。

I’m as tall as you(are).我和你—样高。

The work is not so easy as you imagine.这工作不像你想象的那么简单。

（4）表示方式，意思是“按照，如同”。

Do as I do.我怎么干，你就怎么干。

I have told the story just as it happened.我已如实地讲了这一情况。

（5）表示让步。意思是“虽然，尽管”。注意，as引导状语从句表示让步时，一定要用倒装语序。

Sick as he was，he came to work.他虽然有病，还是来上班了。

Child as he is，he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，懂的却很多。

Much as I like it，I wiIl not buy it.虽然我很喜欢这个东西，但不想买它。

4、if

（1）表示条件或假设，意思是“如果，假如”。

We’ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，我们就呆在家里。

If I were you，I wouldn’t go.假如我是你，我就不去。

（2）表示让步，意思是“虽然，即使”。

I will go if I die for it.即使是死我也要去。

If I am wrong，you come wrong,too.即使我错了，你也是错。

（3）表示时间，意思是“无论何时，当”，相当于whenever。

If I don’t understand what he says,I always ask him.我不懂他说的话时，我总问他。

If winter comes，can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗?

（4）表示原因，意思是“既然”。

If you don’t like the job，why don't you change it?既然你不喜欢这个工作，为什么不换换呢?

（5）用来引出一个表达愿望的感叹句，表达一个愿望

If they had only come earlier!如果他们早来一步该多好啊!

If I haven't lost my watch!我的表要是不丢该多好!

If I only knew!要是我知道该多好。

5、as long as,so long as

（1）表示时间，意思是“达之久”。

You can keep the book as long as you like。这本书你爱看多久就看多久。

During the holidays，I like to stay in the countryside as long as I can.假日里，我喜欢呆在乡下，能果多久就呆多久。

（2）表示条件，意思是“只要”。例如:

As long as you tell the truth，I’ll try to help you.只要你告诉我实情，我会尽力帮助你。

You may take this book away so long as you return it on time. 只要你按时归还，就可以把这本书拿走。

（3）表示原因，意思是“既然，由于，因为”。

So long as the weather is changeable these days,we’d better get in wheat in time.由于这几天气候变化无常，我们最好及时把麦收割完。

So long as you are going to town,you can do something for me.既然你明天要进城，你就帮我办点事。

6、since

（1）表示时间，意思是“自从以来”。

I haven’t heard from him since he left.自从他离开后，我就没有得到他的消息。

It is ten years since he joined the army.他参军已经有十年了。

（2）表示原因，意思是“既然”。

Since this method doesn’t work，let's try another.既然这种方法不行，我们就试用另一种吧。

Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。

7、so that

（1）表示目的，意思是“以便，为了”。

They started off early so that they could get there in time.他们早早动身以便及时到达那里。

The student worked hard so that he might learn more.这个学生努力学习，以便学到更多的知识。

（2）表示结果，意思是“因此，结果是”。

I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.我很早就去听课，结果占到了一个好座位。

He spoke clearly，so that everyone heard.他说话清楚，因此每个人都能听见。

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并列连词

并列连词可表示多种意义，但主要有四种，即表示并列、转折、选择、因果等。注意并列连词在句子中位置比较固定，定位于所连接的语言单位之间，两个并列连词不能并用,而可以与从属连词并用。

1、表示并列关系的并列连词

（1）并列连词and的用法

① 可以连接两个的词，多用于肯定句中。

Go and fetch something to eat.（连接两个动词如go, come等表示目的）去取些吃的东西来。

He started to shout and sing.他开始大叫并唱歌。

Read it slowly and clearly.慢慢念，念清楚。

The balloon flew higher and higher.气球越飞越高。

You can meet teachers and students.你会见到许多老师和学生。

Proper diet and exercise are important to health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康很重要。

②连接两个句子，表示因果、对比、条件、假设、目的等。

They didn't catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night.他们没赶上汽车，只好在旅馆过夜。（因果）

Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports.玛丽喜欢音乐，莉莉爱好体育运动。（对比）

Work hard and you will succeed.（条件，前面部分常为祈使句）如果你努力工作，就会成功。

One more week and we’ll accomplish the task.再一星期，我们就完成任务。（条件）

（2）并列连词both…and, not only…but also, as well as的用法

①both…and意为：“不但…而且…； 既…又…”，是并列连词，可以并列主语、宾语、表语、状语、谓语等成分。并列主语时谓语动词用复数形式。

Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。

The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish.这位秘书不但能讲而且能写西班牙语。

Both teaching and research work are making great strides.教学与科研都在大踏步前进。

The delegates visited both New York and Boston.代表们既访问了纽约，又访问了波士顿。

She both plays the piano and sings.她既会弹钢琴又会唱歌。

Both she and the headmaster were pleased with the boy.她和校长都喜欢这个男孩。

The situation both at home and abroad is in our favor.国内外形势对我们都很有利。

②not only…but also意为：“不但...而且”，是并列连词，可以连接两个词，也可连接两个句子。注：also 可省略。

a.连接两个成分

not only…but also可以连接句中所有的成分，连接并列主语时，其谓语动词根据就近原则，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。

Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生们津津有味地看着这部电影，而且他们的老师也是如此。

He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但会讲法而且会讲英语。

He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影片，而且记得影片的内容。

b.并列两个句子

not only…but also可以连接两个句子，not only位于句首时， not only后的句子要倒装。

Not only is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位科学家而且还是名战士。

Not only was everything he had taken away, but his citizenship.不仅他的一切被拿走，而且他的国籍也被取消。

③as well as 其连词作用，表示“同、和、也”等。

The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime.编辑和校对者都在加班工作。

I have read his novels as well as his plays.我读过他的小说和剧本。

④when并列连词，意为“就在那时”

I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我刚想走，突然电话铃响了。

We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.我们在户外一直玩到太阳下山, 那时天下起雨来了。

2、表示转折关系的并列连词

这类连词连接两个含义不同的甚至是反义的词、短语或分句。常见的还有yet(然而)，while(而)，however(可是)等。其中while与but的区别在于:while表示对比，而but表示意义正好相反。

Learning the guitar isn't difficult ,but you have to practice.学弹吉它并不难，但你得练习。

The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run. 改造城市需要花费很多的钱，但从长远来看还是省钱。

Excuse me for breaking in, but I have some news for you.请原谅我冒然闯入，但我有消息告诉你。

In some Asian countries , nodding the head means not “Yes”but “No”. 有些亚洲国家，点头并不表示“是”而是表示“不”。

He was in deep trouble , yet he didn't lose heart.他深陷困境，然而他没有丧失信心。

Rick was very successful. However, the last few years of his life were not happy ones.瑞克非常成功，然而他的晚年并不幸福。

You like sports, while I'd rather read.你喜欢体育而我却喜欢读书。

They were surprised that a child should work out the problem,while they themselves couldn't.他们很吃惊一个孩子能把这个题解出来而他们却不能。

She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact I was talking about my daughter. 她认为我是在谈论她的女儿，而事实上我在谈论我女儿。

注意：not…but在连接主语时，谓语动词要按就近原则，与靠近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

Not the manager but the workers are hoping to do that.不是经理而是工人们希望那么做。

Not you but I am a teacher.不是你而是我是老师。

3、表示选择关系的并列连词

此类并列连词主要有or, or else, either…or, otherwise，neither…nor, not nor等。

（1）or的用法

① 可以连接两个的词，多用于否定或者疑问句中。主语的人称、数不一致时, 动词随着接近的主语而变化。

John or you are in Class Two.约翰或者你在二班。

He never smokes or drinks.他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。

Will you have tea or coffee? 你喝茶还是喝咖啡？

Are you leavening for Beijing by train or by plane?你是坐火车还是坐飞机去北京？

She will be back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天回来，就是明天回来。

② 连接两个句子，常和else连用。

Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?你愿意先喝咖啡还是我们谈正事。

Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. 穿上你的大衣，不然你会着凉。

He must pay the debt or else go to prison."他必须还债,否则就得去坐牢。"

Hurry up, or/or else we'll be late for the meeting.赶快，否则我们开会要迟到的。

注意：or, or else, otherwise三者相比，or else语气较or强，而otherwise语气则最强。

Make haste, or (else) you'll be late.快点, 要不然就来不及了。

Let's begin, otherwise, we will fall behind.我们这就开始吧，不然会落后的。

I would like you to change this blouse, or else give me my money back.我想要你换掉这件衬衣，要不把钱退给我。

or和and与否定词连用之谜

先做下面三道题:用or或and填空，要求构成完全否定。

l.Tom______Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_______correctly,either.

汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语，日语也讲得不清楚，不正确。

2.The clock has no eyes____ears.And it has no mouth____ no legs,either. 时钟没有眼晴和耳朵，也没有嘴和腿。

3.Man can’t live without air______water.That’s to say,man will die without air_______water. 没有空气和水，人就不生活，也就是说，没有空气和水，人就会死。

说明:在否定句中，并列成分的列举通常用or连接构成完全否定，用and连接构成部分否定。但在中学英语课本中，否定词与and连用，有以下几种情况，仍构成完全否定:

1.列举成分是主语，又在否定词之前，用and连接，而在否定词之后的列举成分用or构成完全否定，所以句1的答案是and，or。

2.列举成分之前都有否定词时，用and连接，否则用or连接，也都构成完全否定，所以句2的答案是or，and。

3.在否定句中，without之后若有列举成分用and连接，构成完全否定；而在肯定句中，without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定，故句3的答案应是and，or。

（2）either…or, neither…nor, not …nor的用法

①可以连接两个的词

either…or, neither…nor, not …nor等连接主语时，谓语动词也依据就近原则。

Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。

Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。

Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.不是教练就是运动员对这次失败负有责任。

He does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish .他既不爱好骑马，也不爱好射击、钓鱼。

②连接两个句子，当neither, nor放句首时，该句倒装。

Either we go now or we remain here forever.要么我们现在走，要么我们永远在这呆下去。

Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.理论没有实践不行, 实践没有理论也不行。

Mrs. Smith doesn't smoke, neither/nor does her husband.史密斯夫人不抽烟，她丈夫也不。

4、表示因果关系的并列连词

这类连词常见的有so(因此)，for(因为)，therefore(因此)等。并列连词for表示原因，用以附加说明。这个词引导的分句必须放在第一个分句之后。

（1）for的用法

for可以表示原因，但引起的不是从句，而是分句，对前面的情况加以解释，有逗号把它和前面的分句分开，在书面语中用的较多。

I apologized to her , for I had wronged her.我向她道歉了，因为我错怪了她。

The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.商店相当新，因为它一星期前才开业。

He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。

比较：for 和 because 在表示“原因”的时候意思基本相同, 一般可以互相代用。for可以表示原因又可以用于提出说明, 语气比because轻得多。Because引导的从句一般放在主句后, 有时也可放在主句前, 而for引导的句子只能放在后面。另外在回答Why的问句时, 只能用because不能用for。再者, for不能跟not...but这一结构连用。

I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it. (正)

我做这件事，不是因为我喜欢，而是因为我不得不这样做。

I did it not for I liked it but for I had to do it. (误)

（2）so的用法

so 表示结果，意为“因此，所以，于是”。

These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough. 这些建筑物已有50多年的寿命，因此不够坚固。

It was late, so we went home.天晚了, 所以我们就回家去了。

He was sick, so they were quiet.他病了, 所以他们 很安静。

（3）therefore的用法

therefore意为“因此, 所以”，语气比较文气，多放在分句或句子的前面。

It was rather late, so we decided to go home.天相当晚了，因此我们决定回家。

Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths,therefore it is our duty to master it.治疗中采用先进的技术就意味着减少痛苦与死亡，因此掌握先进的技术是我们的职责。

He broke the law ,therefore he was put into prison.他违犯了法律，因此被投入监狱。

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