管理的五大原理（管理的基本原理和方法）

在组织和协调群体活动的过程中，管理者必须依循人本、系统、效益及适度等基本原理，利用理性分析和直觉判断等基本方法，借助权力和组织文化等基本工具。

In the process of organizing and coordinating group activities, managers must follow basic principles such as human subjects, systems, benefits and moderate, using basic methods such as rational analysis and intuitive judgment, with basic tools such as power and organizational culture.

一、管理的基本原理

管理的基本原理是管理者在组织管理活动的实践中必须依循的基本规律。这些规律主要有人本原理、系统原理、效益原理以及适度原理。

(一）人本原理

组织是人的集合体，组织活动是由人来进行的,组织活动的管理既是对人的管理，也是通过人进行的管理。人是组织的中心，也是管理的中心，人本原理当是管理的首要原理。

(二)系统原理

系统是指由若干相互依存、相互作用的要素或子系统组合而成的具有特定功能的有机整体。客观世界中存在形形色色的系统。根据不同的标准，系统可以分成不同类型。从系统形成方式看，可分为自然系统与人造系统。自然系统是由自然物质组成的系统，人造系统则是人为了实现某种目的而有意识建立的系统。从系统是否与环境交互作用看，可分成封闭系统和开放系统。封闭系统是指不与外界进行物质、信息、能量交换的系统，开放系统则在存在与运行过程中不断地与外界发生交互作用。从系统状态是否发生变化这个角度来分析，可以分成静态系统和动态系统。静态系统的结构和状态不随时间而改变，动态系统的结构和状态随时间而改变。显然，我们研究的组织、组织所从事的活动以及对组织活动的管理都是人造、开放、动态的系统类型。

(三)效益原理

任何组织在任何时期的存在都是为了实现一定的目标。同时,任何组织在任何时期的目标活动都需要组合和利用一定的资源，从而付出一定的代价。效益是指组织目标的实现与实现组织目标所付代价之间的一种比例关系。追求组织活动的效益就是尽量以较少的资源消耗去实现组织的既定目标。

I. Basic principle of management

The basic principle of management is the basic laws that managers must follow in the practice of organizing management activities. These regularities are mainly principled, system principles, benefits principles, and moderate principles.

(1) Human principles

Organization is a human aggregate, organizational activity is carried out by people, and the management of organizational activities is both the management of people and through people. People are the center of the organization, and the center of management, the principle of humanbook is the primary principle of management.

(2) System principle

The system refers to an organic whole with a plurality of interdependence, interacting elements or subsystems. Objective world has a variety of systems. According to different standards, the system can be divided into different types. From the system formation method, it can be divided into natural systems and artificial systems. The natural system is a system consisting of natural substances, and the artificial system is a system that is consciously established in order to achieve some purpose. From the system interaction, it can be divided into a closed system and an open system. The closed system refers to a system that does not perform substances, information, energy exchange with the outside, and the open system is constantly interacting with the outside world during existence. Analysis from whether the system state changes this angle, it can be divided into static systems and dynamic systems. The structure and status of the static system do not change over time, the structure and state of the dynamic system changes over time. Obviously, our organization, organizations, and management of organizational activities are artificial, open, dynamic system types.

(3) Benefit principle

Any organization in any period is to achieve a certain goal. At the same time, any organization in any period is needed to combine and use a certain resource to pay a certain price. Benefits refers to an integral relationship between organizational goals and a proportional relationship between the cost payment payable. The benefits of pursuing organizational activities are to achieve the established target of the organization with less resource consumption.

二、管理的基本方法

管理者在组织管理活动的过程中，需要借助大量的方法。根据管理对象的不

同，这些方法包括与人有关的管理方法、与物有关的管理方法、与资金管理有关的管理方法以及与活动组织有关的管理方法;根据活动选择与组织实施的阶段不同，这些方法涉及方案的制定、方案的比较、方案的组织实施以及实施过程中的控制;根据管理的层次，这些方法可分成宏观的管理方法、中观的管理方法以及微观的管理方法;根据属性的不同，管理方法可分成法律方法、行政方法、经济方法以及教育方法;等等。抽象地看，这些方法或者以理性分析为基础，或者以直觉判断为依据。

Second, the basic method of management

Managers need a large number of methods in the process of organizing management activities. According to the management object

With these methods, these methods include management methods related to people, relevant management methods related to objects, management methods related to capital management, and management methods related to activities; different phases depending on the activity selection and organizational implementation, these methods involve programs Develop, schemes, organizational implementation, and control during the implementation process; Divided into legal methods, administrative methods, economic methods, and education methods; Abstractively, these methods are based on rational analysis, or based on intuitive judgment.

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素材来源于《管理学》 高等教育出版社

图片来源于百度

翻译来源于谷歌翻译‍