小学英语知识超全整理 小学英语史上最全最实用最好复习资料
一、小学英语词汇汇总 二、小学英语短语汇总,下面我们就来说一说关于小学英语知识超全整理 小学英语史上最全最实用最好复习资料?我们一起去了解并探讨一下这个问题吧!
小学英语知识超全整理 小学英语史上最全最实用最好复习资料
目录一、小学英语词汇汇总
二、小学英语短语汇总
1、短语归纳
2、动词短语
3、noun短语
4、介词短语
5、句子
三、词法类练习汇总
1、写出完全形式
2、写出下列单词的复数形式
3、反义词或对应词
4、近义词
5、同音词
6、现在分词
7、综合
8、人称代词
四、话题与语法汇总
1、字母
2、数字
3、颜色
4、时间
5、食品与饮料
6、服装
7、玩具和文具
8、日常生活用品
9、动物
10、植物
11、环境与建筑
12、身体
13、个人情况
14、家庭、亲属和朋友
15、学校
16、社交礼仪
17、国家与城市
18、天气
19、节日
20、方位
21、正在发生的事情
22、日常生活
23、计划与打算
24、能力和可能
五、附录:怎样才能学好英语?
一、小学英语词汇汇总1、3A- Animals (动物) dog 狗 cat 猫 monkey 猴子tiger 老虎 panda 熊猫zebra 斑马bird
鸟elephant 象
- Fruit (水果) apple 苹果 orange 橘子banana 香蕉 pear梨peach 桃子mango 芒果
pineapple 菠萝watermelon 西瓜
- Clothing items (衣物类) coat 外套;大衣 jacket 茄克衫;短上衣 sweater
毛衣;(厚)运动服blouse (女式)衬衫 dress 连衣裙;晚礼服 skirt 短裙 shirt 衬衫 T- shirt T恤衫
- Food and drinks (食物和饮料) cake 蛋糕 hamburger 汉堡 egg 蛋;鸡蛋 ice-cream
冰淇淋 coffee 咖啡 tea 茶;茶叶 milk 牛奶 juice 果汁
- Colours (颜色) red 红色;红色的 green 绿色 white 白色 black 黑色 yellow 黄色 blue
蓝色orange桔黄色 brown棕色;褐色
- Things for school (学校用品)book 书 pen 钢笔 pencil 铅笔 ball pen 圆珠笔 pencil box
文具盒 pencil sharpener 卷笔刀 rubber 橡皮 ruler 尺
- Vehicles(交通工具)car 小汽车 bike 自行车 bus 公共汽车 plane 飞机
- Places (场所)zoo 动物园 park 公园 cinema 电影院 supermarket 超市 the Great Wall
长城
- People(人物)man 人;男人 woman 妇女 boy 男孩 girl 女孩
- Things in a room(房内物品) bed 床 table 桌子 chair 椅子 fridge 冰箱 bookcase 书橱
desk 书桌 sofa 沙发 telephone 电话 light 电灯 TV 电视机door 门 window 窗子 Walkman
随身听 box 盒子 basket 篮子 tap水龙头
2、3B1、 Family members(家庭成员) father父亲 mother 母亲 grandfather祖父 grandmother
祖母 aunt姨妈;舅母 uncle 伯父;舅父 brother/son 兄;弟/儿子 sister/daughter 姐;妹/女儿 2、 Clothing items (衣物) cap 便帽 hat 帽子 tie 领带 vest 背心 belt 皮带 trousers
(复数)长裤shoe 鞋 sock 袜子
3、Things for school (学校用品) storybook 故事书 copybook 抄写本 knife 小刀tape
修正带;胶带 crayon 蜡笔 school bag 书包 stapler 订书机
4、Things in a room (室内物品)clock 闹钟 computer 电脑 radio 收音机 camera 照相机
watch 手表 toy train 玩具火车 key 钥匙
5、Musical instrument(乐器)piano 钢琴 violin 小提琴 guitar 吉他accordion 手风琴
6、Sports (体育运动) football 足球basketball 篮球volleyball 排球 baseball
棒球swimming 游泳skating 滑冰climbing 爬山skiing 滑雪fishing 钓鱼jogging 慢跑running 跑
rowing 划船
7、Food and drinks(饮食)hot dog 热狗sandwich 三明治pie 馅饼bread 面包rice 米饭soft
drinks清凉饮料chocolate 巧克力milk 牛奶
8、Rooms (房间)sitting-room 起居室dining-room 餐厅bedroom 卧室bathroom
舆洗室study 书房kitchen 厨房
3、4Aa pen一支钢笔 a dog一条狗 a key一把钥匙 a ball pen一支圆珠笔 a tiger一支老虎 a
purse一个钱包 a pencil一支铅笔 a fan一把扇子 a storybook一本故事书 a book一本书 a
cat一只猫 a tape一个修正带 a car 一辆小汽车 a bike 一辆自行车 a kite 一个风筝 a
bus一辆公共汽车 a ruler一把尺 a rubber一块橡皮 a pencil case一个铅笔袋 a
tiger一只老虎 a panda一只熊猫 a desk一张课桌 a shop一家商店a pair of shoes 一双鞋子
a sweater 一件毛衣a jacket 一件茄克衫 big 大的 small 小的 long 长的 short 短的 one 一
two 二 three 三 four 四 five 五 six 六 seven七 eight八 nine 九 ten 十 eat 吃 drink 喝 write 写
read 读 close 关、闭 open 打开 tired 疲劳的、累的 ill 有病的 cold 冷的 hungry
饥饿的 thirsty渴的
4、4Ba student 一个学生 a teacher 一个老师 a doctor 一个医生a nurse 一个护士 a boy 一个男孩a girl 一个女孩 a man 一个男人a woman 一个女人 new 新的 grandfather (外)祖父grandmother (外)祖母 father 父亲 mother 母亲 brother 兄弟 sister 姐妹 an eye 一只眼睛a mouth一张嘴 white白色的 a skirt一条短裙 a friend一个朋友 a policeman一个警察 a
policewoman一个女警察 a waiter一个男服务员 a waitress一个女服务员 a driver一个司机a
worker一个工人 an engineer一位工程师 a farmer 一个农民a postman一个邮递员 a
cook一个厨师 apples苹果 an apple一只苹果 oranges桔子 an orange一只桔子bananas香蕉 a
banana一只香蕉 peaches桃子 a peach一只桃子grapes葡萄a grape
一粒葡萄watermelons西瓜a watermelon一个西瓜pears梨 a pear一只梨 some一些a
station一个车站a hospital一家医院a supermarket一家超级市场by train坐火车 by
plane坐飞机 by taxi坐出租汽车 on foot步行please请chip油炸土豆条 noodle面条
sweet糖果chocolate巧克力 tea茶 coffee咖啡 juice汁液a pie 一个馅饼a chair一张椅子 a
blackboard一块黑板 a computer一台计算机a picture一张图画 a bookcase一个书架(橱) an
office一个办公室a playground一片操场 a classroom一个教室 our我们的a knife一把刀a
plate一个盘子a glass一个玻璃杯a cup一个杯子a bottle一个瓶子 a table一张桌子 a
fridge一只冰箱 an egg一个蛋(不可数名词) bread面包 rice米;米饭
5、5Aday(一)天;白天 all所有的;全部a reading room一间阅览室 sure有把握的
floor(楼房的)层;地面;地板 a garden一个花园 a house 一间房子 a flower一朵花
live居住;生活 a study一个书房 a bedroom一间卧室 large大的 beside在……旁边;靠近 a
wall一面墙 between在……中间;在(两者)之间 a bed一张床 under在……下面 behind在……后面a door一扇门 a lesson 一课a song一首歌 sing唱,唱歌 dance跳舞 play演奏 learn学,学会
listen听 swim游泳 make 做,制造ride骑(马、自行车) put放,摆 can能 a family一个家庭
things东西、物品 a vase一个花瓶 a horse一只马 a chicken一只鸡 a duck一只鸭子 a
pig一只猪 evenings晚上 need需要 work工作,劳动 a candle 一支蜡烛morning早晨,上午ring(铃、钟等)响 sweep扫,扫除 Maths数学sleep睡觉 run 跑,奔跑
walk步行,散步 jump 跳跃 say说 chess棋laugh笑,大笑 a newspaper一张报纸
class课,(学校里的)班 perhaps可能a tent一个帐篷 a pot一只锅a towel一条毛巾 a hill 一座小山children孩子们,儿童 fat胖的 thin瘦的show出示,给……看over结束a square 一个正方形 a star一个星形、星形物 us我们(宾格) fly飞、放(风筝、飞机模型等)
art艺术、美术 teach教、教书 the moon月亮 paper纸 a heart一个心、心形物 a
shape一个形状 a circle一个圆圈 the sun太阳 help…with帮助… wash clothes洗衣服
6、5BMonday 星期一 Tuesday 星期二 Wednesday星期三Thursday星期四 Friday星期五 a
week一星期(周)Chinese 汉语、中文、中国人 Science 科学、自然科学Computer Studies
计算机课程 English 英语、英国的、英国人的a subject 一门学科(科目)interesting
有趣的a headache 头疼 a cough 咳嗽a fever 发烧a cold 伤风 lunch 午餐 speak
说,讲(同义词:say) bad 坏的、严重的(反义词:good) get 变得、购买feel 感觉、觉得
now 现在 a stamp 一张邮票 a coin 一个硬币 a ship 一艘船an animal 一只动物 a classmate
一位同班同学 collect收集beautiful 美丽的、漂亮的 hobbies(复数) 业余爱好 collect
stamps 收集邮票 collect coins 收集硬币go shopping 去购物 take photos 拍照 make
clothes做衣服an e-mail 一封电子邮件 write an e-mail写一封电子邮件a town 一个城镇
busy 忙(碌)的age 年龄 usually 通常 well 好 fast 快的,快地high 高的,高地 run fast
跑得快 jump high 跳得高time时间,次 left左 right右 stop停止touch触摸,接触an
arm一只手臂 a hand一只手 a leg一条腿 a foot一只脚a face一张脸 a
game一个游戏,一次比赛half半,一半night夜,夜间 on duty值日 past过 a
quarter一刻钟,四分之一 quick快的(地) ready准备好的 really真正地,确实
talk谈话,讲话 spend度过 weekend周末 very很,非常learn…from…向…学习sport体育运用
often经常,常常of course当然catch抓住,捉住 an ant一只蚂蚁 a bee一只蜜蜂 a
butterfly一只蝴蝶 a visitor一位参观者,一位来访者UK英国,联合王国
visit参观,访问British英国人 the Great Wall长城 USA美国American美国人Japan日本Japanese日本人,日语 France法国 French法国人,法语
7、6Astop停止 mean意思是,意指 should应当,应该 must必须,应当 shouldn’t=should
not不应当 litter乱丢杂物 park停放(汽车)danger危险 March三月 April四月 May 五月
June六月 July七月 when什么时候,何时 ago 以前 as作为,当做 ago 以前
moment瞬间,片刻 a date一个日期 a birthday一个生日 a present 一份礼物
excited激动的,兴奋的 exciting令人激动的,令人兴奋的 a race一次竞赛 plant种植
milk挤;牛奶 a cow 一头母牛 taste品尝 pull up把…向上拔 a festival一个节日 a
gate一扇大门answer回答;答复 ask问;请求people人;人们 last最近刚过去的;最后的 in front of 在…前面 take photos拍照 look for寻找 just now刚才 (a moment ago) pull
up把…向上拔 have a good time过得愉快 Children’s Day儿童节 National Day国庆节 Spring
Festival春节New Year’s Day元旦
8、6Bthan 比young年轻的old年老的heavy 重的light 轻的tall高的strong 强壮的low低
fish鱼,钓鱼 slow慢late晚 stop停车站along沿着street街、街道post
office邮局weather天气spring春季summer夏季hot热的autumn秋季cold冷的winter冬季plan
计划,打算 picnic野餐 play(戏剧的)演出
be good at善长于 turn left向左转 turn right向右转 post office邮局 get on 上车 get off下车take part in参加…参与… write a letter写(一封)信 penfriend 笔友also也 glue胶水
二、小学英语短语汇总a new student 一个新学生a new teacher一个新老师I’m new here. 我是新来的.
Welcome to our school. 欢迎到我们学校. excuse me 打扰一下
the boy in the tree 树上的那个男孩let me see 让我看看
come down 下来climb trees 爬树
in the zoo 在动物园里come here 过来
the man over there 那边的那个男人good evening 晚上好
at a party在聚会上
my brother 我的弟弟/哥哥
the boy with big eyes大眼睛的那个男孩nice to meet you 见到你很高兴
the one in the white skirt 那个穿着白色短裙的which one 哪一个
the man with a big mouth那个大嘴巴的男人the one in red那个穿红衣服的
the girl with a small nose 那个小鼻子的女孩the woman with long hair那个长头发的妇女
be late for school上学迟到
the boy with big ears 大耳朵的那个男孩
the one in the green shirt 那个穿着绿色衬衫的男人in the car 在小汽车里
my good friend我的好朋友her small eye她的小眼睛a big nose一个大鼻子You’re right. 你是对的
an old woman 一个老太太buy fruit 买水果
some grapes 一些葡萄how many kilos 多少公斤three kilos三公斤
I’d like --- 我想要------ Here you are. 给 你 . these apples这些苹果those oranges那些桔子
these or those这些还是那些
Can I help you?我能为你效劳吗? (营业员用语) by taxi坐出租车
on foot 步行
go by taxi 坐出租车去
go to the theatre去剧院
go there 去那儿
go to the Great Wall去长城go to the supermarket去超市
this train for Shanghai去上海的火车the plane for Beijing 去北京的航班good idea 好主意
play football 踢足球in the school 在学校be free 有空 .
go to school by bike 骑自行车去学校at a snack bar在一家小吃店(快餐店)里how about---? ------怎么样?
some noodles 一些面条Something to drink一些喝的东西something to eat一些吃的东西orange/apple juice 桔汁/苹果汁Anything else? 还要别的东西吗? a cup of coffee/ tea 一杯咖啡/茶
a glass of milk/ juice一杯牛奶/果汁some chocolate 一些巧克力
some sweets一些糖果some water 一些水play basketball 打篮球
some cakes 一些蛋糕get up 起床
have some juice 喝点果汁
What would you like? 你要什么? open day 接待日
our classroom我们的教室watch TV看电视
big and bright又大又明亮
in your classroom 在你的教室里in class在课上
near the window靠近窗some songbooks一些歌本on the piano在钢琴上lots of books许多书
in the library在图书馆里in the playground 在操场上On the chair在椅子上
on the table在桌上
open the blue box 打开蓝色的盒子
in the cupboard 在碗柜里on the table在桌上
in the fridge在冰箱里on the sofa 在沙发上
use chopsticks 用筷子
I’d like to try. 我想试试.
a pair of chopsticks 一双筷子Let me try again. 让我再试试. in my classroom 在我的教室里Good idea!好主意!
the first day of the new term 新学期的第一天all the students 所有的学生
at school 在学校
see each other 互相见面a new building 一座新大楼a lot of 许多
I’m not sure. 我不确定。go and see 去看看
have a look 看一看how many 多少
near your house 在你的房子附近on the plate 在盘子里
her parents 她的父母
near her school 在她的学校附近
very much 很,非常some dolls 一些洋娃娃on the wall 在墙上
a map of the world 一幅世界地图a map of China 一幅中国地图behind the door 在门后
in the basketball 在篮子里under the bed 在床下
on my chair 在我的椅子上
in the cat’s mouth在猫的嘴里look happy 看起来快乐
at a Music lesson 在一节音乐课上
two o’clock in the afternoon 下午两点钟in the music room 在音乐室里
have a music lesson 上一节音乐课
sing a song 唱首歌,唱歌
follow me跟着我sing together一起唱make a puppet做木偶
make a model plane做飞机模型,做模型飞机play the violin拉小提琴
play the guitar弹吉他play the piano弹钢琴
put a book on your head 在你头上放一本书have an ice cream 吃冰淇淋
after class 下课后
play basketball 打篮球
a Halloween party 一个万圣节聚会What do they need? 他们需要什么? like masks 喜欢面具
a pumpkin lantern 一个南瓜灯
What else do you need? 你还需要些什么? Here’s your change. 这儿是你的零钱。some sweets 一些糖果
on Saturdays and Sundays 在周六和周日like swimming 喜欢游泳
play table tennis with friends 和朋友打乒乓watch TV 看电视
listen to music 听音乐read the book 读书open the door开门
write the new words写新单词read the book读书
draw a picture画一幅画drink the water喝水
this red vase这个红色的花瓶in the picture在图片里
eat the noodles吃面条
put the flowers in the vase把花放在花瓶里
play computer games打电脑游戏do housework 做家务
Sunday morning 星期天上午at home 在家
Are you free now? 你现在有空吗? sweep the floor 扫地、擦地板clean the windows 擦窗户
do homework 做家庭作业
help me with my Maths 帮助我学习数学this afternoon 今天下午
wash clothes 洗衣服make a cake 做蛋糕
see you this afternoon 今天下午见come and help me 过来帮我
sit on the chair 坐在椅子上how about 怎么样
after school 放学后
three o’clock in the afternoon 下午三点钟look for 寻找
help you 帮助你
in the playground 在操场上play basketball 打篮球
go and join them 去加入他们
go to the playground去操场study in the library 在图书馆学习clean the library 打扫图书馆read a newspaper 看报纸
read a magazine 看杂志play chess 下棋
play cards 打扑克
play with a yo-yo 玩溜溜球sit on a football 坐在足球上eat the food 吃食物
play computer games 玩电脑游戏clean the study 打扫书房
on the kite 在风筝上all busy 都忙
a camping trip 一次日野营旅行their teachers 他们的学生near the hill 在小山附近
a camping site 一个野营营地a big tent 一个大帐篷
a tin of chicken 一罐头鸡肉a tin of fish 一罐头鱼肉over there 在那边
two new blankets 两条新毛毯
a box of chocolate 一盒巧克力some fruit 一些水果
in the fridge 在冰箱里an Art lesson 一节美术课
look at the blackboard 看着黑板fly a kite 放风筝
draw a circle 画一个圆
show us how to draw it 给我们看看怎么画它on the paper 在纸上
make a card 做一张卡片many circles 许多圆形一节体育课 a PE lesson 在操场 in the playground
上一节体育课 have a PE lesson
按照指令 follow the orders 发出指令 give the orders 站成一排 stand in a line
做锻炼 do some exercise
上下up and down
上下跳 jump up and down 仔细地听 listen carefully 十次 ten times
向左转turn left
向右转turn right
做这个十次do this ten times
把…放在…上 put …on 把…放在…里面 put…in 仰躺 lie on one’s back 抬起 lift up
用……触摸 touch…with
右手 right hand
每天 every day
忙碌的一天 a busy day
在晚上 at night 值 日 on duty 快点 be quick
一场足球赛 a football game
看电视 watch TV
吃晚饭 have supper
打扫图书馆 clean the library 做作业 do one’s homework 加入我们 join us
开始上课 classes begin
洗衣服 wash clothes
在周末 at the weekends
过周末spend one’s weekends
谈论 talk about
在星期五下午 on Friday afternoon
放学后 after school
上网 surf the Internet
向我学英语 learn English from me
听音乐 listen to music
在家at home
荡秋千 play on the swings
做家务 do housework 当 然 of course/ sure 看卡通watch cartoons 抓昆虫 catch insects
抓蝴蝶 catch butterflies
我们的好朋友our good friends
一所小学 a Primary School
在树上 in the tree/on the tree
在瓶子里in bottles
英语俱乐部the English Club 不同的国家different countries 居住在纽约 live in New York 说英语 speak English
教英语 teach English
一个大城市 a big city
读书 read books
参观中国 visit China
日本参观者Japanese visitors 一个英国朋友an English friend 发邮件 write an e-mail
写信write a letter
打乒乓play table tennis
居住live in
一个小镇 a small town
相同的年龄 the same age
在学校 at school
从周一到周五 from Monday to Friday
大声地说 speak loudly
跑得快 run fast
跳得高 jump high
走路小心walk carefully
安静地坐sit quietly
跳舞跳得美dance beautifully
拍照 take photos
购物 go shopping
收集邮票 collect stamps
收集中国邮票collect Chinese stamps
种花 grow flowers
做衣服make clothes
洗衣服wash clothes
Ben的爱好 Ben’s hobby
一些爱好 some hobbies
许多漂亮的邮票many beautiful stamps
出示…给…看show…to… 动物邮票 animal stamps 在花园里 in the garden 做饭 cook food
浇花 water the flowers
相同的爱好 the same hobby 一次电话通话a telephone call 午饭以后 after lunch
呆在床上stay in bed
严重的咳嗽a bad cough
吃药take some medicine
去看医生go to see a doctor 张开你的嘴open your mouth 好好休息have a good rest
打错电话 wrong number
新学期 a new term
星期一上午Monday morning
在星期一上午on Monday morning
她的学生 her students
第一节课the first lesson
欢迎回到学校 welcome back to school
什么科目what subjects 八门课eight subjects 八节课eight lessons
在一周内in a week 立刻,马上at once 他的家人his family 感觉病了feel ill
来自日本from Japan No smoking 禁止吸烟No littering禁止扔杂物No parking禁止停车
No eating and drinking 禁止吃喝keep off the grass不接近草坪Be quiet保持安静
Do not touch不要摸climb trees爬树
go to the park去公园go home回家
have an ice cream吃一个冰激凌have dinner吃饭
watch TV看电视
play computer games 玩电脑游戏go to bed睡觉
a lot of \ a lot大量的;许多public signs公共标志
on the wall在墙上
stay away from… 远 离 …… walk on the grass在草地上走he bird’s cage鸟笼
make noise发出噪音take a walk散步
a ten-yuan note 一张十元的钞票look around四周看
pick up捡起
a new student in Ben’s class 本班上的一位新学生go home together一起回家
after school放学以后talk about谈论有关……
the third of March三月三日your birthday你的生日blow out吹灭
as a birthday present作为生日礼物birthday cake生日蛋糕
come to my birthday party 来参加我的生日聚会have a birthday party举办生日聚会
a VCD of Japanese cartoons 一张日本卡通光盘open the door 开门
make a birthday card 做一张生日贺卡take off脱下
Sports Day运动日
all the students所有的学生very exciting非常令人兴奋look for寻找
a running race一场赛跑let me see让我看看
a moment ago / just now刚才on the ground在地上
pick them up for me 帮我把它们捡起来in front of 在……前面
a pair of glasses一副眼镜(单数) a roll of film一卷胶卷(单数) three diaries三本日记
a pair of earphones一副耳机(单数) listen to music 听音乐
yesterday evening 昨天晚上under the table在桌子下面
close your eyes 闭上你的眼睛play a game 玩游戏
National Day(国庆日)
the National Day holiday(国庆假期) last week/ last year上个星期/去年after the holiday(假期后)
go to school early(很早上学)/ early – late in the school playground(在学校操场上) before class(上课前)/ before – after
a funny cartoon (一部有趣的卡通片)
visit a farm with my family (和我的家人一起参观农场) on the farm(在农场里)
water trees(浇树)
pull up carrots(拔胡萝卜) milk cows( 挤 牛 奶 ) collect eggs(收集鸡蛋) fruit trees(果树)
pick a lot of oranges摘许多橘子taste them(品尝它们)
go to the farm(去农场) at the weekends(在周末)
watch cartoons(看动画片) visit the zoo(参观动物园)
play volleyball打排球
clean the house(打扫房子)
visit Liu Tao’s grandparents拜访刘涛的祖父母camping trip(野营旅行)
at a camp(在一个营地上) cook a lot of food(做许多食物)
play a lot of games(玩许多游戏) go camping(去野营)
have a good time(玩得很高兴) come after 在……之后到来
New Year's Day 元旦
on New Year's Day 在元旦at Christmas 在圣诞节go to parties 去参加聚会
have a big lunch 吃一顿丰盛的午餐at Spring Festival 在春节
What do people usually do at Spring Festival? 人们通常在春节干什么? visit their relatives and friends 拜访他们的亲戚和朋友
eat lots of delicious food吃许多美味的食物last Spring Festival 上个春节
of course 当然
my favourite holiday 我最喜爱的节日in October 在十月
dress up in costumes 用戏服装扮last Halloween 去年万圣节
eat moon cakes 吃月饼play with lanterns 玩灯笼watch the moon赏月
on different holidays 在不同的节日last year 去年
at Easter 在复活节listen to him 听他讲in the grass 在草丛中
a popular holiday 一个流行的节日in China 在中国
in January or February 在一月或二月eat rice dumplings 吃粽子
like to play with lanterns喜欢玩灯笼eat chocolate eggs 吃巧克力蛋
make pumpkin lanterns制作南瓜灯笼
give presents to your friends 把礼物给你的朋友go to Beijing 去北京
this afternoon 今天下午play with balloons 玩气球sing and dance唱歌跳舞
meet Helen in the playground 在操场上遇见海伦
visit a farm with my parents 和我的父母亲一起参观农场play with friends 和朋友玩
watch the dragon boat races 观看龙舟比赛
on Christmas Day 在圣诞日 Jim's family 吉姆一家人in his grandparent's house在他爷爷奶奶的房子里Christmas trees 圣诞树
the presents under the Christmas tree 在圣诞树下的礼物so many 这么多
from grandmother 来自祖母open it for me 为我打开它like drinking tea 喜欢喝茶Christmas presents 圣诞礼物at Jim's house 在吉姆家
draw and write in the diary 在日记上画和写go to the supermarket 去超市
sit at the back of the bus 坐在公共汽车的后面get off 下车
the seat in front of me 在我前面的座位the woman beside him 在他旁边的妇女walk to the driver 走向驾驶员
after lunch 午餐后
You are welcome. 不用谢write his diary 写他的日记
under the seat 在座位下面open the presents 打开礼物
6B词组归纳去散步 go for a walk
很高兴见到… be glad to see
聊天 have a chat
双胞胎姐妹 twin sisters
看起来很像 look the same
大10年 ten years older than
小20分钟 twenty minutes younger than
唯一的孩子 the only child
再试试 try again
擅长于英语 be good at English
擅长于唱歌 be good at singing
…做得好 do well in
体育需要帮助 need help with PE
怎么拉? What’s wrong? / What’s the matter? 一位好篮球运动员 a good basketball player 那是事实。 That’s true.
男孩中的一些 some of the boys
在我班里 in my class
别担心。 Don’t worry.
做更多锻炼 do more exercise
变得更强壮 get stronger
起得早 get up early
慢跑去学校 jog to school 玩球类运动 play ball games 开始上课 start our lesson
读新单词 read the new words
我们所有人 all of us
上学迟到 be late for school
来自于 be from/ come from
去历史博物馆的路 the way to the History Museum
认识路 know the way
怎样到达那儿 how to get there
告诉我 tell me
沿着街走 walk along the street
在第四个十字路口左拐 turn left at the fourth crossing
在你右边 on you right
多远 how far
错过它 miss it
五公里远 five kilometres away
一段长的距离 a long walk 每五分钟 every five minutes 每六天 every six days
去邮局 go to the post office 在中山路 on Zhongshan Road 在街上 in the street
乘5路车 take bus No.5
在电影院前 in front of the cinema
在第二个车站下车 get off at the second stop
到达购物中心 get to the shopping centre 一本关于动物的书 a book about animals 跑出商店 run out of the shop
过来帮助 come to help
沿着街跑run along the street
开始跑 start to run
拿回钱包 get my purse back
跳高 high jump
跳远 long jump
下个星期 next week
(要)一年 for one year
知道天气 know the weather
纽约的天气 the weather in New York
在夏天 in summer
最好的季节 the best season 在乡下 in the countryside 听起来不错。 Sounds great.
大多数时间 most of the time
哪个季节 which season
最喜欢春天 like spring best
堆雪人 make snowmen/ make a snowman
冬天需要温暖的衣服 need warm clothes for winter
树木变绿 the tree turn green
有课,上课 have school
他们的周末计划 their plans for the weekend
看京剧 see a Beijing opera
加入我们 join us
花园剧院 the Garden Theatre
顺便问问 by the way
明天下午 tomorrow afternoon
在音乐会上 at the concert 和Jim一起来 come with Jim 去远足 go on an outing
野餐 have a picnic
看演出 see a play
参加歌唱比赛 take part in a singing contest
运动会 sports meeting
一位小学生 a primary school student 在金陵小学 at Jinling Primary School 第二中学 No. 2 Middle School
上一节室外活动课 have a class outing
为班级课题 for class project
什么动物 what animal
回家来 come home
昨天下午 yesterday afternoon
读有关昆虫的… read about insects
在报纸上 in the news paper
想要一位笔友 want a penfriend/would like a penfriend
一些书写纸some writing paper
干什么? What for?
写一封信 write a letter
写信给我的奶奶 write to my grandma
成为好朋友 be good friends
有共同的爱好 have the same hobby
我希望如此。 I hope so.
告诉…关于… tell…about…
最喜欢的科目 favourite subject 电子邮件地址 e-mail address 一瓶胶水 a bottle of glue
一些其他科目 some other subjects
小学毕业 finish primary school
上中学 go to middle school
关于你的每件事 everything about you
祝好! With best wishes!/Best wishes!
我们五个 five of us
来自澳大利亚 be from Australia/ come from Australia
睡觉比…晚 go to bed later than
比我们所有人好 better than all of us
和…一样高 as tall as
和…一样跑得快 run as fast as
比…飞得低 fly lower than
1、短语归纳a : a little(一点) a lot(很,非常), a lot of(许多), lots of(许多,很多) , a bottle of(一盒……), a piece
of(一张/片……) , a cup of (一杯……), a glass of(一玻璃杯……), all right(好,行,不错), most
of(大部分……), plenty of(很多,大量的)
be: be good for(对于……来说是好的), be bad for(对于……来说是不好的), be going to(将要做……), be good at(在……方面出色), be late for(……迟到), between…and …(在……两者之间) , both…and…
(两着都……).
come: come from(来自……), Come in(进来). Come on 过来呀!快来呀) ! Come with me(跟我来)! different
from(与……不同), of course(当然)
Do: do one’s homework(做家庭作业), do housework(做家务), do some reading(读书), on duty9(值日), do morning exercises(做早操).
get: get down(下来), get up(起床), get on with(在……方面进展), get home(到家) , get to school(到校)
go: go boating(去划船), go swimming(去游泳), go running(去跑步), go walking(去散步), go
shopping(去购物), go skating(去滑冰), go skiing(去滑雪), go fishing(去钓鱼), go
sightseeing(去游览,去观光), go climbing(去爬山) , go home(回家), go to school(去上学), go to
work(去上班), go straight/down/on/along(一直走), go along(沿着……一直走)
have: have breakfast(吃早餐), have lunch(吃午饭), have supper(吃晚饭), have dinner(吃正餐), have a
class(上课), have a look(看一看), have got(有), have a good appetite(有好胃口,食欲强), have a
picnic(野餐)
how: how many(多少), how much{多少(用于不可数名词)}, how old(几岁), how often(多久一次) look: look at(看……) , look like(看起来象), very much(很,非常), in English(用英语)
put: put into(把……放到……), put on(穿上……), put …away…(把……放好/收起来),
take: take (good) care of(好好爱护,关心,照顾,保管), take photos(照相), take a bath(洗澡), take
exercise(进行锻炼,进行练习).
2、动词短语fly a kite(放风筝), ride a bike(骑自行车), play a game(做游戏), throw …away(把……扔掉), turn on(开……) , stand up(站起来), sing a song(唱歌), ask a question(问问题), run away(流走,跑走), look forward to(盼望), try to(尝试做…….), be angry with(对……生气), divided by(除以……), come to(合计) , collect
coins(收集硬币), climb up to the mountain/hill…(爬到山上) by the way(顺便问问),
time短语:in the morning(在早上), in the afternoon(在下午), in the evening(在晚上), Good morning/
afternoon/evening/night(早上/下午/晚上好/晚安). for hours(持续……小时), for an hour(持续一个小时),
At this time of day(每天的这个时候),five minutes past nine(九点零五分), quarter past
nine(九点十五分), quarter to nine(差十五分到九点), all day(整天), on
Sunday/Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday/Saturday(在星期天/星期一/星期二/星期三/星期四/星期五/星期六), Mid-autumn Festival(中秋节), Spring Festival(春节), National Day(国庆节), Children’s
Day(儿童节), New Year(新年), Women’s Day(妇女节), May Day(劳动节), Teachers’ Day(教师节), Party’s
Birthday(党生日)
3、noun短语:family tree(家族谱), favourite food/ drinks/colour/subject (喜爱的食物) paint brush(画笔), an office
worker(一个办公室文员), class teacher(班主任), an old…(一个/件老的/旧的……), years old(…..岁), the high jump(跳高), the long jump(跳远), a map of China/the UK…(一张中国/英国……地图), e-mail
address(电子邮箱地址), telephone number(电话号码)
交通手段:on foot(走路), by
bus/car/ship/plane/underground/bike(乘公共汽车/小轿车/轮船/飞机/地铁/自行车),
4、介词短语:at the beginning of(在……的开始), at the end of(在…..的结尾/结束), at the weekend(在周末), on the
weekdays(在工作日), in front of (在…..的前面), in the front of(在……物品内的前面), in the middle of
(在……的中间), next to(在……旁边), at the gate of(在……的大门), on the floor(在地板上), on the …( )
floor(在第几层楼), on the ground floor(在一楼), at home(在家), at school(在学校), over
there(那里,那边), in the sun(在阳光下), from…to…(从……到……), turn right/left(向右/左转), on the
left(在左边), on the right(在右边), to the east/west/north/south of(在…….的东/西/北/南方), from the
left/right(从左/右), kilometers/metres away(离……千米/米远), in Class One(在一班), in Grade
Six(在六年级)
5、句子:Please say hello to…for me(宾格)/人名{请代(我)向……问好}. Here it is(是). Here they are(). Here you
are(给你). Nice to meet you(很高兴见到你)! Nothing much(没什么). Not at all(没关系). Shall
we…?{(用于建议)我们……好吗?} I’ll take it(我买了). It’s time to …(是做……的时候了) It’s time
for….(是……的时候了) Excuse me(对不起,打扰了). See you(再见)! welcome to …(欢迎到……), You’re
welcome(别客气). What about…?(……呢?) How do you do?{你好吗? (用于初次见面,答句相同) How do you like…?(你觉得……怎么样?) It doesn’t matter.(没关系) That’s a pity.(真糟糕) Never mind!(不要紧) And you? (你呢?)Happy birthday!(生日快乐)
地方建筑:post office(邮局), police station(警察局), train station(火车站), sports
stadium(大型露天运动场), department store(百货商场), kinds of (不同种类), the Children’s
Home(少年之家), primary school(小学), middle school(中学)
三、词法类练习汇总1、写出完全形式。1.who's who is 2.she's she is 3.he's he is 4.what's what is
5. where’s where is 6.we're we are 7.you're you are 8.that's that is
9. I'm I am 10. isn't is not 11.aren't are not 12.they're they are 13.don't do not 14.let's let us 15. can’t can not 16. it's it is
17. I’ve I have 18. I’d I would 19. hasn’t has not
2、写出下列单词的复数形式。1.bus buses 2.box boxes 3.glass glasses 4.class classes 5.watch watches 6.mango mangoes 7.firefly fireflies 8.sheep sheep 9.people people 10.man men 11.woman women 12.apple apples 13.family families 14brary libraries 15.baby babies 16.boy boys 17.toy toys 18.child children 19.foot feet 20.strawberry strawberries 21.horse horse 22.policeman policemen 23.dress dresses 24. fish fish 25.tooth teeth 26.country countries 27. foot feet 28.dragonfly dragonflies 29 us 30.building buildings 31. cloth clothes 32. this these
33. that those 34.circle circles 35.story stories
3、反义词或对应词。1.same different 2.new old 3.old young 4.short long 5.big small 6.tall short 7.yes no 8.open close 9.hot cold 10.here there 11.sit stand 12.up down
13.thin fat 14.father mother 15.right wrong 16.black white 17.this that 18.these those 19.boy girl 20. grandfather grandmother 21.man woman 22.husband wife 23.aunt uncle 24.brother sister
25. he she 26. left right 27. go come 28. nurse doctor
29. good bad 30. minus plus 31. his her 32. busy free
33. hand foot 34. legs arms
4、近义词。1. desk table 2. like love 3. often usually 4. start begin
5. great good
5、同音词。1. to too 、 two 2. right write 3. no know 4. for four
5. hear here 6. I eye 7. see (C) sea 8. son sun
9. be (B) bee 10. there their 11. U you 12. Y why
13. by buy 、 bye 14. pair pear 15. R are 16. whose who’s
17. aunt aren’t
6、现在分词。1. swim ( 现在分词 ) swimming 2. come( 现在分词 ) coming
3. dance (-ing形式) dancing 4. ski (-ing形式) skiing
5. sit (-ing形式) sitting 6. fly (-ing形式) flying
7. stay (-ing形式) staying 8. travel (-ing形式) travelling
9. cry (-ing形式) crying 10. play (-ing形式) playing
11. listen (-ing形式) listening 12. collect (-ing形式) collecting
13. make (-ing形式) making 14. take (-ing形式) taking
15. write (-ing形式) writing 16. read(-ing形式) reading
17. clean (-ing形式) cleaning 18. sing (-ing形式) singing
19. sweep (-ing形式) sweeping 20. run (-ing形式) running
7、综合。1. study (第三人称单数) studies 2. students(名词所有格)students’
3. sister(名词所有格)sister’s 4. two(序数词) second
5. have(第三人称单数) has 6. cat (名词所有格) cat’s
7. Tom(名词所有格) Tom’s 8.teacher(动词) teach
9. cry(第三人称单数) cries 10.Nancy(名词所有格) Nancy’s
11. can(否定式) can’t 12. good(比较级)better
13.catch(第三人称单数) catches 14. wash (第三人称单数)washes
15. quickly(形容词) quick 16. visit(名词) visitor
17. China(形容词) Chinese 18. French(名词) France
19. quiet(副词) quietly 20. one(序数词) first
21. cook(第三人称单数) cooks 22. do(第三人称单数) does
23. beautifully(形容词) beautiful 24. many (比较级) more
25. Australian(名词) Australia 26. brush(第三人称单数) brushes
27. work(名词)worker
8、人称代词。1. I (宾格) me 2.you(宾格) you 3. he (宾格) him 4. she(宾格) her
5. I(复数) we 6. you (复数) you 7. he/she/it (复数) they
8. we(宾格) us 9. you(宾格) you 10. they (宾格) them
11. I (形容词性物主代词) my 12. you(形容词性物主代词) your
13. he (形容词性物主代词) his 14. she (形容词性物主代词) her 15. they (形容词性物主代词) their
16.I(名词性物主代词) mine
17. you (名词性物主代词) yours 18. he (名词性物主代词) his
19. she (名词性物主代词) hers 20. we(名词性物主代词) ours
- you(名词性物主代词) yours 22. they(名词性物主代词) theirs
(大小)辨认、书写顺序 : Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz.
元音字母:A a , Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu
半元音字母: Yy
书写容易错误的字母:E , F , G, M, N, d, i, p, q, x, y.
2、数字基数词和序数词的运用,如计算、购物等.
基数词: One, two, three, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten , eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen… twenty, twenty-one… thirty, forty, fifty… eighty, ninety, one/a hundred , one/a hundred and one… two hundred.
序 数 词 : first , second , third , fourth , fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth… twentieth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-third, twenty-four…thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth… eightieth, ninetieth…
相关句型:
- What’s thirty and forty? That comes to seventy.What’s your telephone number? My telephone number is 83555723.What time is it ? It’s half past ten.When do you usually get up ? At six thirty-five.Where do you live? I live at No.48 Renmin Road.How old are you? I’m twelve.How much does it cost? It costs 50 yuan.How many cars have you got? I have got 6 cars.How many birds can you see in the tree? I can see 3.How many dolls are there on the bed? There is one/a doll.How many dolls are there on the bed? There are four dolls.Which floor do you live on? I live on the fifth floor.Excuse me, can you tell me the way to Baiyun hotel?
Yes, go down this street, then turn left at the third crossing….
- Who’s the fifth girl from the right? She’s my cousin.
注意: 数词的应用; 不可数名词及它的量的表示方法;many与much在用法上的区别;there is/are与have/has在用法上的区别.
3、颜色实物的颜色
colours: red, pink(粉红), yellow, brown, grey(灰色),blue, purple(紫色), orange, black, white, dark blue(深蓝), light blue(浅蓝).
相关句型:
- What colour is your coat? It’s ...
- What’s your favourite colour? My favourite colour is …
年、季节、月、星期、日、时刻
year, season( spring, summer, autumn, winter) ,
month: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
Week: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Day: 1st May (the first of May), May 2nd ( May the second) Time: (an) hour, minute, second
10:05 (five minutes past ten, ten o five) 10:10 (ten minutes past ten, ten ten) 10:15 (quarter past ten, ten fifteen) 10:30 (half past ten, ten thirty)
10:45 (quarter to eleven, ten forty-five) 11:00 (eleven o’clock)
相关句型:
- How old is your mother? She’s thirty-six years old.
- How many months are there in a year? There are 12.
- When’s your birthday? My birthday is on 15th January ( the fifteenth of January).
- When do you get up? I get up at six o’clock.
- When does spring last? It lasts for 3 months from March to May.
- What time is it? It’s quarter to nine.
人对食品与饮料的喜好;东西方食品
food : meat, rice, fish, bread, egg…
drinks : water, milk ,orange juice ,coke, coffee…
相关句型:
- Would you like something to drink/eat? Yes, I’d like some…No, thanks .
- Would you like to eat/drink…? I’d like to eat/drink…No, thanks .
- What’s your favourite food/drinks? My favourite food/drink is …
- Could I have some…? Yes, please .
服装的颜色:人对服装的喜好;某人的穿戴; 所属关系
clothes: hat, cap, coat, shirt , T-shirt, skirt, dress, sweater, jacket, trousers, sock, shoe put on, wear
所属关系: 形容词性的物主代词:my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性的物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
相关句型:
- What does it look like? It likes wearing a blue shirt.
- Whose shoes are these? They’re mine. They’re Tom’s .
- Is this /that/it your book? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
- Is this pencil yours? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
- Are these /those/they your coats and trousers? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
- Are those clothes theirs? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
- This is my hat. That hat is his.
注意:
名词单,复数;物主代词(名词性的物主代词,形容词性的物主代词);名词所有格,如:Tom’s , my father’s , the teachers’.
7、玩具和文具特点、颜色、所属关系;存在的位置
Toys: doll, toy…
文具: desk, book, bag ,pen, pencil, pencil-box, ruler, chair, ball
存在的位置 : in, on, under, beside, behind, in front of, in the front of , in the middle of, at the back of…(a place/a person).
相关句型:
- There is a cup of tea on the table.
- There are some oranges in the fridge.
- Is there any milk in the glass? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
- Are there any oranges in the fridges? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
- What’s under the desk? There is an oranges . / There are some oranges.
特点、颜色、所属关系;存在的位置
words: shelf, table, clock, brush, telephone, light, computer, bike, fridge, glass, knife, keyboard, bottle, box, plate, photo, photograph, fax, radio, super-market,
特点: big, small, heavy, light, white, black, empty, full, old, new, beautiful, cute, tall, short, strong, plump, nice, good, bad…
9、动物家畜、家禽;农场动物、动物园及野生动物的特点;生活地点和所属关系
words(animals): cat, dog, duck, goose (geese) fish, sheep, bird, panda, monkey, rabbit, hen , cock, chick, tiger, lion, pig, cow , mouse (mice)
生活地点:at home, in a farm, in a zoo …
所属关系:同上话题(7)
10、植物特点、所属关系;存在的位置
words: tree, rose, flower, leave (leaves) …
11、环境与建筑特点、所属关系;存在的位置
buildings: factory, hospital, park, house, library, museum, office, farm, post office, bank, police station, train station, sports stadium, department store, store, school, classroom, house: bathroom, living-room, sitting-room, bedroom, kitchen, garden…
房子的基本构造: door, gate, wall, window, floor…
相关句型:
- Where do you study at ? I study at Longdong Primary School.
- Where does your mother work at ? She works at a hospital.
- Let’s meet at the gate of the park.
- My brother is playing in the garden.
特点
body: head, hair, eye, nose, ear, mouth, neck, shoulder, hand, finger,foot(feet) ,toe… 外 貌 : fat, thin, plump , tall, short, old, young, round face, two big blue eyes, long hair, short hair, black hair ,white hair…
相关句型:
- I’m /You’re /He’s/She’s /We’re /They’re (not) tall.Is he/she tall or short? He’s /She’s tall (short).I/We/They/You have (got) black hair.He/She has ( got ) a round face.Has he/she got long hair ? Yes, he/she has.No, he/she hasn’t.
注意:描述人的外貌时,have与has用法上的区别; 形容词的用法,如 :tall, short, old, young, black , long…
13、个人情况姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好
age, year, address, e-mail address, hobby,
hobby: collecting stamps(coins) , going swimming… doing sth
相关句型:
- How old are you ? I’m thirteen years old.
- I’m a thirteen-year old boy.
- What’s your address? I live at No.48 Renmin road.
- What’s your e-mail address? My e-mail address is 123VIP@126.
- What’s your hobby? My hobby is going running. Or : I like going running.
- I /You/ They like music.
- He likes sightseeing.
- Do you like reading? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
- Does he /she like playing basketball? Yes, he/she does. No, he/she doesn’t.
注意: 描述个人的喜好时:名词和动词- ing 形式作宾语; 主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化。
动词ing的变化规律:1)直接加ing ,如: open-opening, clean-cleaning, meet-meeting, sing-singing, study-studying, …
2)去掉词尾不发音的e ,如:take-taking, close-closing, come-coming, drive-driving, have-having, use- using, write-writing, practice-practicing, …
3)重读闭音节的,双写最后的字母,加 ing , 如: sit-sitting, put-putting, begin-beginning , get-getting, swim-swimming, run-running, cut-cutting, become-becoming, …
主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化规律(与名词变复数规律相同):
1) 直接加s, 如:cook-cooks, come-comes, close-closes,…
2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾 es , 如: teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does, catch-catches, wash-washes, brush- brushes, miss-misses, …
3)辅音字母加y结尾,把y改为i , es, 如:fly-flies, worry-worries, carry-carries, …
4)以f或fe结尾,把f或fe,改为v es. 5)特殊:have-has, …
14、家庭、亲属和朋友姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好:与你的关系
words: family, grandfather(grandpa/granddad), grandmother(grandma/grand mum), father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, friend
相关句型:
- Is he/she Tom’s cousin? Yes, he/she is.No, he/she isn’t.
- Who’s he/she? He’s/She’s my friend.
- How many people are there in your family? Who are they? There are four, my father, my mother, my brother and me.
注意: 1)名词单复数,如:family-families;
名词单数--复数规律:1)直接加s, 如: boy-boys, term-terms,
2) 以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾 es , 如: box-boxes, class-classes, glass-glasses, coach-coaches, dress-dresses, fax- faxes, inch-inches, match-matches,
- 辅音字母加y结尾,把y改为i , es, 如:baby-babies, lady-ladies, factory-factories, peach- peaches, library-libraries, watch-watches ,
- 以f或fe结尾,把f或fe,改为v es: leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, shelf-shelves, …
- 特殊: man-men, policeman-policemen, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, foot-feet,
6) 不变: hair, milk, tea, coffee, water, bread, rice, paper, juice, meat, people, fish, sheep, …
- 名词所有格,表明是“谁的” 如: my cousin’s , his parents’
它的构成规则: 单数名词后 “ ’s”, Mike’s mother. 复数名词词尾有,其后只 “ ’”,Teachers’ Da教师节. 若是两人共有时,只在后者 “’s ”,
Jim and Tom’s mother.吉姆和汤姆的母亲。不是两者所共有的,两者都 “ ’s ”,
Jim’s and Tom’s mother.吉姆母亲和汤姆的母亲。名词若是无生命,所有格构成用of,
a map of China.一幅中国地图
15、学校学校建筑和学校生活
words: school building, classroom, dormitory, playground, library…
subjects: Chinese, maths , English, music, computer, PE, art, biology, politics , history, meeting, geography…
相关句型:
- What’s your favourite subject? English.Where’s the library? It’s behind the dormitory.When do you go to school? At 7:20.When does Chinese begin on Monday? At Eight o’clock.Does geography begin at twenty to ten on Monday?Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.We’re having an English class.
礼貌用语;询问与应答
- Greetings: Hello! Hi! Good morning/afternoon/evening.
How are you ? Fine, thanks. And you? Please say hello to your parents for me.
- Introduction: My name is … I’m a pupil. I’m new here. This is Mr/Mrs/Miss White.
Hello, nice to meet you .
- Farewells: Goodbye/Bye-bye/Bye. See you then/tomorrow.
Good night.
It’s late. I must go home now. Thanking for coming.
- Thanks: Thank you (very much).You’re welcome.Not at all.
- apologies: Sorry. I’m sorry. That’s all right. Excuse me.
- Incitation: Will you go shopping with me? Would you like to go ? I’d love to . Thank you.
- Asking for permission: May I have an apple ?
Could /Can I use your bike? Sure. Certainly. Yes, of course. Yes, do please.
- Expressing wishes: Happy birthday! Thank you.
- Offering help: Can I help you? What can I do for you?
- Making appointments: Are you free tomorrow? What about tomorrow afternoon? Let’s meet at the gate at 7:50.
Shall we visit the museum?
- Hello! May I speak to Kate? Speaking/It’s Kate here.Who’s this/that, please ?
- Taking meals: Would you like something to eat/drink? Would you like some fish/meat?
- Shopping : Can I help you ,sir? What can I do for you, sir ?
What about this one?
Do you like this one?
I want /I’d like some oranges.
How much is the shirt /are the socks? It’s to small. Two kilos, please .
I’ll take it.
- Asking the way: Excuse me. Where is the Guangzhou Library? Can you tell you me the way to the Garden Hotel, please? Can I take this bus to Beijing Road?
Is there a hotel near here? It’s over there. Turn right/left
17、国家与城市地理位置;特点
Countries: China, Japan, America (the USA), English( the UK), Australia, Russia, Canada, Italy, India, France, Nationalities: Chinese, Japanese, American, Englishman, Australian, Russian, Canadian, Italian, Indian, French,
相关句型:
- Where’s Japan? It’s to the east of China.
- Where does your friend come from? She comes from English.
- Where are they from? They’re from Russia.
- What country do you from? I come from China.
- What country is he from? He’s from France.
- What language does she speak? She speaks French.
- What language do they speak? They speak Chinese.
气候特征
weather : hot, cold, cool, warm, sun, shine, sunny, rain ,heavy rain, light rain, rainy, wind, strong wind, windy, snow , heavy snow, light snow snowy, cloud, cloudy…
temperature: 15 ( fifteen degrees centigrade), 0 (zero degree centigrade), -5 (minus degrees centigrade)…
相关句型:
- What’s the weather like in spring? It’s warm, rainy and wet.What will the weather be like there? It will be sunny.Is it snowing? Yes, it is a snowy day.Will there be cloudy? Yes, there will.The sun is shining.I like taking a warm bath.
节日的特点;节日的活动
festivals : New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, Women’s Day, April foolish Day, May Day, Mother’s Day, Children’s Day, Father’s Day, Party’s Day, Army’s Day, Mid-autumn Festival, Teachers’ Day , National Day, Thanks Giving Day, Christmas Day.
New Year’s Day: 1st January.
Spring Festival: It’s the Chinese New Year. It’s the first day of the Chinese year. It’s a very special festival for all Chinese people. It is usually at the end of January or the beginning of February /in late January or early February. The children can get “lucky money”.
Women’s Day: It’s on 8th March.
April Foolish Day: on 1st April, on this day, people can play jokes to their friends. May Day: 1st May, laborers’ day.
Mother’s Day: on the second Sunday of May. Children’s Day: on June 1st.
Father’s Day: on the third Sunday in June. Party’s birthday: in China, it’s on 1st July. Army’s Day: in China, it’s on 1st August.
Mid-autumn Festival: on 15th August of Chinese lunar calendar. In China , people eat special cakes calls moon cakes and watch the full moon.
Teachers’ Day: on 10th September.
National Day: in China, it’s at the beginning of October.
Thanks Giving Day: the last Thursday in November, it’s American festival.
Christmas Day: December 25th.
20、方位人或物的位置;问路与应答
place : in, on ,at, under, near, next to, beside, behind, in front of , in the front of , in the middle (of ), back, on the right/left, the second/…person from the right/left
A: Excuse me. Where’s the department store?
Can you tell me the way to the Garden Hotel, Please? Can I take this bus to Beijing Road?
Is there a hotel near here?
B: It’s over there.
Turn right /left at the first crossing. The hotel is on the right/left. I’m sorry, I don’t know.
21、正在发生的事情现在进行的动作和发生的事 be doing something
- I’m/You’re/He’s /She’s /We’re/They’re (not) working.
- Are you playing football? Yes, I am/we are.
- Is he/she taking exercise? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t.
- Are they going shopping? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
- What are you doing? I’m/We’re cleaning the room.
- What’s he/she doing? He’s/She’s having supper.
- What are they doing? They’re reading.
日常生活、工作、学习的活动 daily routine
get up brush one’s teeth, wash one’s face, make breakfast , have breakfast, go to school/work, do morning exercises, have classes, play basketball, play football, run ,jump, go home, have lunch, have supper, do one’s homework, watch TV, do some reading, take a bath, go to bed
- What time do you get up? I usually get up at 6 o’clock.
- Shen Zhen often takes a bath at 9 o’clock in the morning.
- My mother is never late for work.
- I’m/You’re /He’s/She’s /We’re/They’re (not) going to visit the museum.
- Are you going to swim? Yes, I am/we are. No, I’m not/we aren’t.
- Is he/she going to see Miss Wang? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t.
- What are you going to do tomorrow? I’m /We’re going to visit the farm.
- I/You/He/She/They/We will go skiing.
- Are you going to be busy tomorrow? Yes, I am/we are.
- go swimming, go shopping, go climbing, go skiing, go walking, go running, go fishing, go skating, go sightseeing,…
- I/You/He/She/We/They can(can’t) come here tomorrow.
- Can he/she visit the factory today? Yes, he/she can. No, he/she can’t. 3)Can they go by bus? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
4)May I visit the factory this afternoon? Yes, of course /Sure/Certainly. 5)May I sit here? Yes, of course/please do.
注意: 情态动词can的用法, can do ( 动词原形).
小学英语语法大全第一章 名 词
一、定义
名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。
二、分类
1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词如 :john is a student student是普通名词,john是专有名词
普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the
或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。
2.
普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。
3. 专有名词
专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。
三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词——可以数的名词
不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)
drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings
2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式
many 可数名词复数
much/a little 不可数名词
some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。
3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词 数词 量词 of 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many
对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much
4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:
- some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。
注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。
如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。
we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。
- 用单位词表示。用a ... of 表示。
如 a cup of ( 一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)
a piece of ( 一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋) 如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸)
注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。
如two hundred students(200名学生)
ten thousand trees(10000棵树) 测试点he caught a lot of
fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes)
=he caught a lot of fishes.
the paper is about some fresh-water
fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)
5、可数名词分为单数和复数。
名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。1)单数
如a desk(一张桌子)
an old desk( 一 张 旧 书 桌 ) 2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式规则变化
1)一般情况下加-s
如book--books(书) desk--desks(书桌) 2)以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es
如box--boxes(盒子) bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months
②stomach--stomachs 3)以辅音字母 结尾,变y为i再加- es。
如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)
注意以元音 y,直接加s。如:day--days(天),boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es
如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半)
(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)
注意①有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾
(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆)
(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s
如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园)
photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) kilo-kilos(千克)
注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化
- 元音字母发变化。
如man--men(男人) , woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) , foot--feet(脚)
mouse--mice(老鼠) , policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察)
- 词尾发生变化。
如child--children(小孩) , ox--oxen(公牛)
- 单、复数形式相同。
如fish--fish(鱼) ,sheep--sheep(绵羊) ,deer--deer(鹿) ,chinese--chinese(中国人)
,yuan--yuan(元) ,jinn--jinn(斤)
注意 不说an english,要说an englishman.
①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。
②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。
- 形似单数,实为复数意义。
如people(人,人们)these people
(不说a people,可说a person)
police(公安,警察)ten police
(不说a police,可说a policeman)
- 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)
a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生)
- 合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)
bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)
注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如: grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)
letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱)
注意①hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。
如would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果?
we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果,
china has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)
she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。
his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。
注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。
如 boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)
- 有些名词只有作复数。 如scissors(剪刀)a pair of
scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)s unglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)
名词 man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(wome n)。
如englishman--englishmen(英国人) frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女)
注意german不是复合词,它的复数是germans。
四、名词的所有格
有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。如mary's father(玛丽的父亲)
jim's mother(吉姆的母亲)
与所有格相对来看,不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。1.名词所有格的构成法
1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加's。如tom's knife(汤姆的小刀)
children's books( 儿 童 书 籍 ) 2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后
加。
如jim and mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间
jim's and mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加"'"即可。
如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)
everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night.
每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级) 注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。
②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。如this is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。
this is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。
4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加's,或只加',但读音都是/iz/。如 mr jones's(mr jones')book(琼斯先生的书)
keats' works(济慈的作品) (1)表示时间和距离的名词。
如where is today's newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪儿?
an hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。
(1)
有些无生命东西的名词,如国家,城市季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词也可用's
,表示所有关系。
如china's population(中国人口)
the city's life(城市生活)
注意在表示店铺或某人家时,为避免重复(因前面已提到),名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词
。
my uncle's(我叔叔家) ,the doctor's(医生的诊所) 2.短语所有格
有生命的名词,我们用's结构来表示所有关系,如果是无生命的,我们就要用"名词 of 名词"的结构来表示。
the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)
注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是men's,而不是shoes
of men。
3.of 名词所有格
of 名词所有称为双重所有格,使用时要注意以下几项。1)表示部分时,前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several
(几个)之类有修饰语,不能是one和the 。
如可说:a book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书
不 说 :books of my brother's 或 book of my brother's . 2)当带有感情色彩时,可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。如the pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿
did you read that book of lu xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗?
- of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。
如不说:this is john of his uncle's.
- of 后面的名词必须是特定的。
如these books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。
- of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。比较不说it is a leaf of the tree's.
a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。
注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用,意义无甚区别。如a friend of my brother→a friend of my brother's
测试点a car of betty's cars ,不可换为a car of betty.。jim's and tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。
常用口诀
表示民族的名词顺口溜
(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。
(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。
(3)其他一律加s
即chinese,japanese单复数同形;englishman,frenchman的复数为englishmen,frenchmen;其他像german,american,australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。
o结尾的名词顺口溜 1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加es,凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加s。有生命:potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro--negroes
如无生命:zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo( 竹 竿 )--bamboos, tobacco( 烟 丝 )--tobaccos1) 2)两人两菜一火山。( es)
小学—
中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆
),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。
或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes) 2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。
图景:你在“zoo”里,看见一要“bamboo”,上面挂着一张“photo”,所照的是一架“piano”, 上面放着一台“radio”。
zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios.
f、fe结尾的顺口溜
(1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。
妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。
wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命)leaf( 树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”
。
(2)以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的,
如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想: 海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望;
谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上
巧记不规则名词单变复
男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。
man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice.
第二章 冠 词
一、定义
冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子),帮助指明名词的含义。
二、分类
共3类:定冠词(the definite article),不定冠词(the indefinite article)、零冠词(zero article)。
三、用法 1、定冠词的用法
a 、an与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,而an则用于元音音素前。
(1)
表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用, 表示一个。
i gave him a book yesterday .我昨天给了他一本书
i am reading an interesting story . 我在读一则有趣的故事。
- 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。
a horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。
- 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。
we often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。
i went to the library once a week at least.
- 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。
a boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。(5)在序数词前表示"又一;再一"时。如:
i want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说 。
(6) 表示不特定的"某一个"时。如:
a mr. smith is calling on the phone. 有一位史密斯先生来电话找你 。
(7)在特定的短语里表示特定的含义,与不可数名词连用,如:
have a good time 过得高兴
- 一日三餐前有修饰语时。如:
-mum, what shall we have for lunch?
-jiaozi.
-oh, what a wonderful lunch! i enjoy it very much.
- 在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。如:
lesson nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult one.
(10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2.定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源,有"那(这)个" "这(那)些"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:
(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前: take the medicine. 把药吃了。 (2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前:
he bought a house. i've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 (3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前:
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:
the fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。(5)与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。(6)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
where do you live? i live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
that's the very thing that ineed 那正是我需要的东西。(7)在表示"...世纪...年代"的结构之前
he began to learn russian in the 1950s. 他在20实际50年代开始学俄语 。但注意:in one's 50s意为"在某人五十多岁时"。如:
he looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s. (8)在比较级的两种句型中: ①表示"越 ......,就越......"时。如: the lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。
② 表示"两者中比较......"时,用定冠词。如:
there are two books on the table. i like the thicker one. (9)用在"动词 sb. 介词 the 身体部位名称"的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如: the ball hit me on the back. 球打中了他的头 。
- 在表示"计量单位"的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如:
the workers are paid by the hour/day/month. 按月付给工人工资 . (11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the great wall(长城),the people's park(人民公园)等。
the people's republic of china 中华人民共和国
the united states 美国
(12)用在表示乐器的名词之前:
she plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.
the little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。
(13)定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。
they are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。
(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) (15)在方位名词之前 ,如:in the west on the west
(16)在某些短语中 in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow ,the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
3、零冠词(不用定冠词)
- 在物质名词前,如:
water is very important . 水是非常重要的 。
- 在抽象名词前,如:
failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
- 复数名词表示人或物的种类时,如:
doctors cure patients. 医生治病救人 .
those people are teachers, not students. 这些人是老师,不是学生 .
- 在有关游戏的名词前,如:
do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ?
- 在"by 交通工具"的短语里,如:
shall we walk or go by bus? 我们乘车还是步行 ?
- 在国名,人名和地名前通常不用定冠词,如 : england,mary;
(7)在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
we go to school from monday to friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。(8)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
the guards took the american to general lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
(9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前,不加冠词 。如:
have breakfast,play chess
(10) 在某些固定词组中,是否有冠词,意义不同。如:
in hospital住院,in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床 ,in the bed在床上
in front of在......(外)前面,in the front of 在......(内)前部go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
口 诀
泛指用a/ an,单数可数;特指用the,不特不the。
释:1)泛指用a/ an,单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/ an。2)特指用the—— 如果是特指,那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3)不特不the—— 不特指则不用the,包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/ an,泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词,泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。
定冠词:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独一无二,序数最高级,某些专有名,习语及乐器。
(1)the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如:
where is the teacher? 老师在哪里?
(2)the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如:
i can see a cat. the cat is lucy”s.
我能看见一只猫,那只猫是露茜的。
(3)the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
the earth goes around the sun.
地球围绕着太阳转。
(4)the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如: mike is the tallest of the three boys. 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。
- the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the great wall(长城),the people”s
park(人民公园 )等。
- the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如:in the day(在白天),play the
piano(弹钢琴)等。
不用冠词:代词限定名词前,专有名词不可数,复数名词表泛指,学科球类三餐饭,季节星期月份前,颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
(1)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their,
some等限定词时,不用冠词。如:this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。
(2)泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如:meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。
(3)复数名词表示泛指时,不用冠词。如:
the people in the room are doctors.
房间里的那些人是医生。
(4)在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如:chinese, english, maths, physics, history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如:have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball/ football等。
(5)在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如:autumn, summer, winter, spring, teacher”s day, children”s day, sunday, february等。
(6)在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如:white, brown, french, australia等。
(7)在表示称呼语的名词之前,以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如:
doctor green is a scientist.
格林博士是位科学家。
有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧(二)、有(足)族无球(运动)、有文无章、学而不专:
1)有水无湖:海、洋、海湾、河等,都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the);
the red sea,the pacific ocean,the persian gulf, the yangtze river the great lakes(五大湖);lake erie(伊利湖) 2)有球无星:地球,月亮用the;行星不用the: mars,venus;
3)有山无峰:the huangshan mountains(黄山);mount everest(珠穆朗玛峰);
mount(or mt.) tai(泰山).
4)有独无欧(偶):独一无二的,the earth,the moon,the sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the.
europe,africa,asia,north america,south america,antarctica,oceania 5)有(足)族无球(运动):种族用the:the indians(印第安人);球类运动baseball,basketball 6)有文无章:历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the
the constitution( 宪 法 ); chapter one 7)学而不专:学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; the university of fudan; fudan university
第三章 介词一、定义
介词preposition缩写prep.,又叫前置词,表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或
从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词,不能单独在句中作成分。
二、介词的用法
1、表示时间的(at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、until、through、from、since、within) (1)at:用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。
at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前
(2)on:用于星期,某天,某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时,一律用)
on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午
on march 8 在3月8日
(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。
in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份
in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon在下午过……后(未来时间)
i think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小时后就会回来。
i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。
(4)before:在……之前
wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨,魏华在7点之前起床了。
(5)after:在……之后
after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull . 从那时起,任何人不得捕杀海鸥。
(6)by:在……前(时间),截止(到)……
by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .
在我到达之前,她已经走了。
(7)for:达……之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时,过去时,将来时连用,但是经常和完成时连用。
florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest .
弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。
(8)during:在……期间
during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres .
在一个人的一生期间,北美洲和欧洲由于漂移,其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。
(9)through:一直……(从开始到结束)
he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington
领导美国度过了这些年代的他,于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。
(10)from:从……起(时间)
the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening
.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。
(11)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)
since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起,我的眼睛一直不是很好。
(12)within:不……超过的范围
he will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。
2、表示地点(at、in、on
、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front
of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)
(1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)
at school上学 at home在家 at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号
at the station 在火车站
(2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)
she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。
(3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below
①on:在……上面,有接触面
on the table 在桌子上面
②above:在……上方
sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.
有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。
③over:在……正上方,是under的反义词
over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上,他们建起了金字塔。
④under:在……下面,在……之内
the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。
⑤below:在……下方,(不一定是正下方)
three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .
3000米以下,除了茂密的丛林之外,她什么也看不见。
- near ,by
①near:近的,不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间,in the near
future在不远的将来。
green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。
②by:在……旁边,比的距离要近
juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days .
朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。
- between ,among ,around
①between:在两者之间
the differences between american english and british english are not very great
.美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。
②among:在三者或者更多的之中
there are some american students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。
③around:环绕,在…..的周围,在……的四周
they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it .
他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷
- in front of ,behind
①in front of :在……的前面
there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。
②behind :在…..后边
are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗?
- in ,into ,out of
①in:在…..之内,用于表示静止的位置
there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。
②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk
,jump ,run..
she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。
- along ,across ,through
①along:沿着
go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .
沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。
②across:横过(平面物体)
very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .
各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。
③through:贯通,通过
the students walked through the gate with uncle wang .
学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。
- to ,for ,from
①到达……地点(目的地)或方向
where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了?他去伦敦了。
②for:表示目的,为了……
do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗?
③from:从……地点起
how far is it from london to new york? 从伦敦到纽约有多远?
3、表示手段和材料的介词用
(1)with
①和……在一起
these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them .
这些板块载着各个大陆,像航船一样不断地漂移。
②具有,带有
a person with good manners is always kind and polite.
有礼貌的人总是和和气气,彬彬有礼的。
③用某种工具或方法
he could swim with some special swimming shoes.
穿着一些特制的游泳鞋,他能游泳。 (2)in:表示用什么材料(例如:墨水,铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着,声调特点时,不用with而
用in。
what’s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说?
(3)by:通过……方法,手段
what do you mean by the word“island”? “island”是什么意思
i prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。
4、其他
(1) of , from
①of 属于)……的,表示…..的数量或种类
it was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。
②from:来自(某地,某人),以….起始
she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。
(2)without ,like ,as
①without :没有,是with的反义词
she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。
②like:像……一样
like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .
像很多同龄的孩子一样同,丁芳是个少先队员。
③as:作为
they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。
(3)against:反对。靠着
everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。
(4) about:
① 关于,各处,四周
nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。
② 询问某人,某物的情况或提出建议what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样? 口 诀
口诀1:年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午, 用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不借。 at也在时分前,说“差”用to,说“过”要用part。
口诀2: in在……里, out在……外,在旁边的是beside,靠近的为by 。on在……上, under在……下, above在上头, below在底下。
口诀3:
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下,above、below则不然,若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。 同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
口诀4:before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since以来during间,since时态多变换。 与之相比beside,除了last but one。
口诀5:
①早、午、晚要用in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天
②黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午
at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6点钟
at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
at the weekend 在周末
③年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 例;in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april
在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周
④阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in,在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。例:don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 they are reviewing their
lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white
穿着白色衣服的妇女
⑤将来时态in...以后 例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
i'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 we'll be back in no time.
我们一会儿就回来。 come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
after... (从过去开始)
⑥小处at大处in
i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市. 有形with无形by,语言 、单位、材料in
例:the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.
这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"taking tiger mountain by strategy" is a good opera.
<<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)
the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil.
这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)
i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed. 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。
⑦特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in 特征或状态:
they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
还有一些心理短语也用in,如: in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in
fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。
⑧介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。介词at和to都可以表示方向;
用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。
she came at me. 她向我扑过来。
she came to me. 她向我走过来。
he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢. she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃
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小学英语语法大全第一章 名 词
一、定义
名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。
二、分类
1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词
如:john is a student
student是普通名词,john是专有名词
普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the
或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。
2.
普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。
3. 专有名词
专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。
三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词——可以数的名词
不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)
drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings
2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式
many 可数名词复数
much/a little 不可数名词
some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。
3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词 数词 量词 of 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many
对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much
4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:
- some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。
注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。
如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。
we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。
- 用单位词表示。用a ... of 表示。
如 a cup of ( 一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)
a piece of ( 一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋) 如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸)
注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。
如two hundred students(200名学生)
ten thousand trees(10000棵树) 测试点he caught a lot of
fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes)
=he caught a lot of fishes.
the paper is about some fresh-water
fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)
5、可数名词分为单数和复数。
名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。1)单数
如a desk(一张桌子)
an old desk( 一 张 旧 书 桌 ) 2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式规则变化
1)一般情况下加-s
如book--books(书) desk--desks(书桌) 2)以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es
如box--boxes(盒子) bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months
②stomach--stomachs 3)以辅音字母 结尾,变y为i再加- es。
如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)
注意以元音 y,直接加s。如:day--days(天),boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es
如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半)
(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)
注意①有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾
(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆)
(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s
如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园)
photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) kilo-kilos(千克)
注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化
- 元音字母发变化。
如man--men(男人) , woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) , foot--feet(脚)
mouse--mice(老鼠) , policeman--policemen(警察)
policewoman--policewomen(女警察)
- 词尾发生变化。
如child--children(小孩) , ox--oxen(公牛)
- 单、复数形式相同。
如fish--fish(鱼) ,sheep--sheep(绵羊) ,deer--deer(鹿) ,chinese--chinese(中国人)
,yuan--yuan(元) ,jinn--jinn(斤)
注意 不说an english,要说an englishman.
①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。
②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。
- 形似单数,实为复数意义。
如people(人,人们)these people (不说a people,可说a person) police(公安,警察)ten police (不说a police,可说a policeman)
- 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)
a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生)
- 合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)
bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)
注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如: grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)
letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱)
注意①hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。
如would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果?
we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果,
china has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)
she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。
his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。
注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。
如 boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)
- 有些名词只有作复数。 如scissors(剪刀)a pair of
scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)s unglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)
名词 man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(wome n)。
如englishman--englishmen(英国人) frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女)
注意german不是复合词,它的复数是germans。
四、名词的所有格
有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。如mary's father(玛丽的父亲)
jim's mother(吉姆的母亲)
与所有格相对来看,不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。1.名词所有格的构成法
1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加's。如tom's knife(汤姆的小刀)
children's books( 儿 童 书 籍 ) 2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加。
如jim and mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间
jim's and mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加"'"即可。
如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)
everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night.
每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级) 注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。
②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。如this is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。
this is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。
4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加's,或只加',但读音都是/iz/。如 mr jones's(mr jones')book(琼斯先生的书)
keats' works(济慈的作品) (1)表示时间和距离的名词。
如where is today's newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪儿?
an hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。
(1)
有些无生命东西的名词,如国家,城市季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词也可用's
,表示所有关系。
如china's population(中国人口)
the city's life(城市生活)
注意在表示店铺或某人家时,为避免重复(因前面已提到),名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词
。
my uncle's(我叔叔家) ,the doctor's(医生的诊所) 2.短语所有格
有生命的名词,我们用's结构来表示所有关系,如果是无生命的,我们就要用"名词 of 名词"的结构来表示。
the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)
注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是men's,而不是shoes
of men。
3.of 名词所有格
of 名词所有称为双重所有格,使用时要注意以下几项。1)表示部分时,前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several
(几个)之类有修饰语,不能是one和the 。
如可说:a book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书
不 说 :books of my brother's 或 book of my brother's . 2)当带有感情色彩时,可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。如the pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿
did you read that book of lu xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗?
- of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。
如不说:this is john of his uncle's.
- of 后面的名词必须是特定的。
如these books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。
- of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。比较不说it is a leaf of the tree's.
a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。
注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用,意义无甚区别。如a friend of my brother→a friend of my brother's
测试点a car of betty's cars ,不可换为a car of betty.。jim's and tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。
常用口诀
表示民族的名词顺口溜
(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。
(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。
(3)其他一律加s
即chinese,japanese单复数同形;englishman,frenchman的复数为englishmen,frenchmen;其他像german,american,australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。
o结尾的名词顺口溜 1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加es,凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加s。有生命:potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro--negroes
如无生命:zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo( 竹 竿 )--bamboos, tobacco( 烟 丝 )--tobaccos1) 2)两人两菜一火山。( es)
小学—
中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆
),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。
或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes)
2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。
图景:你在“zoo”里,看见一要“bamboo”,上面挂着一张“photo”,所照的是一架“piano”, 上面放着一台“radio”。
zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios.
f、fe结尾的顺口溜
(1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。
妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。
wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命)leaf( 树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”
。
(2)以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的,
如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想: 海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望;
谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上
巧记不规则名词单变复
男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。
man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice.
第二章 冠 词
一、定义
冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子),帮助指明名词的含义。
二、分类
共3类:定冠词(the definite article),不定冠词(the indefinite article)、零冠词(zero article)。
三、用法 1、定冠词的用法
a 、an与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,而an则用于元音音素前。
(1)
表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用, 表示一个。
i gave him a book yesterday .我昨天给了他一本书
i am reading an interesting story . 我在读一则有趣的故事。
- 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。
a horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。
- 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。
we often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。
i went to the library once a week at least.
- 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。
a boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。(5)在序数词前表示"又一;再一"时。如:
i want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说 。
(6) 表示不特定的"某一个"时。如:
a mr. smith is calling on the phone. 有一位史密斯先生来电话找你 。
(7)在特定的短语里表示特定的含义,与不可数名词连用,如:
have a good time 过得高兴
- 一日三餐前有修饰语时。如:
-mum, what shall we have for lunch?
-jiaozi.
-oh, what a wonderful lunch! i enjoy it very much.
- 在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。如:
lesson nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult one.
(10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2.定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源,有"那(这)个" "这(那)些"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:
(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前: take the medicine. 把药吃了。 (2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前:
he bought a house. i've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 (3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前:
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:
the fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。(5)与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。(6)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
where do you live? i live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
that's the very thing that ineed 那正是我需要的东西。(7)在表示"...世纪...年代"的结构之前
he began to learn russian in the 1950s. 他在20实际50年代开始学俄语 。但注意:in one's 50s意为"在某人五十多岁时"。如:
he looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s.
(8)在比较级的两种句型中: ①表示"越 ......,就越......"时。如:
the lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。
② 表示"两者中比较......"时,用定冠词。如:
there are two books on the table. i like the thicker one. (9)用在"动词 sb. 介词 the 身体部位名称"的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如: the ball hit me on the back. 球打中了他的头 。
- 在表示"计量单位"的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如:
the workers are paid by the hour/day/month. 按月付给工人工资 . (11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the great wall(长城),the people's park(人民公园)等。
the people's republic of china 中华人民共和国the united states 美 国 (12)用在表示乐器的名词之前:
she plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.
the little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。
(13)定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。
they are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。
(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) (15)在方位名词之前 ,如:in the west on the west
(16)在某些短语中 in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow ,the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
3、零冠词(不用定冠词)
- 在物质名词前,如:
water is very important . 水是非常重要的 。
- 在抽象名词前,如:
failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
- 复数名词表示人或物的种类时,如:
doctors cure patients. 医生治病救人 .
those people are teachers, not students. 这些人是老师,不是学生 .
- 在有关游戏的名词前,如:
do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ?
- 在"by 交通工具"的短语里,如:
shall we walk or go by bus? 我们乘车还是步行 ?
- 在国名,人名和地名前通常不用定冠词,如 : england,mary;
(7)在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
we go to school from monday to friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
(8)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
the guards took the american to general lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
(9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前,不加冠词 。如:
have breakfast,play chess
(10) 在某些固定词组中,是否有冠词,意义不同。如:
in hospital住院,in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床 ,in the bed在床上
in front of在......(外)前面,in the front of 在......(内)前部go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
口 诀
泛指用a/ an,单数可数;特指用the,不特不the。
释:1)泛指用a/ an,单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/ an。2)特指用the—— 如果是特指,那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3)不特不the—— 不特指则不用the,包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/ an,泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词,泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。
定冠词:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独一无二,序数最高级,某些专有名,习语及乐器。
(1)the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如:
where is the teacher? 老师在哪里?
(2)the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如:
i can see a cat. the cat is lucy”s.
我能看见一只猫,那只猫是露茜的。
(3)the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
the earth goes around the sun.
地球围绕着太阳转。
(4)the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如: mike is the tallest of the three boys. 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。
- the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the great wall(长城),the people”s
park(人民公园 )等。
- the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如:in the day(在白天),play the
piano(弹钢琴)等。
不用冠词:代词限定名词前,专有名词不可数,复数名词表泛指,学科球类三餐饭,季节星期月份前,颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
(1)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, our, their,
some等限定词时,不用冠词。如:this eraser, her pencil-box, some boxes, those women等。
(2)泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如:meat, rice, water, bread, tea, milk, juice等。
(3)复数名词表示泛指时,不用冠词。如:
the people in the room are doctors.
房间里的那些人是医生。
(4)在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如:chinese, english, maths, physics, history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如:have breakfast/ lunch/ supper, play basketball/ football等。
(5)在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如:autumn, summer, winter, spring, teacher”s day, children”s day, sunday, february等。
(6)在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如:white, brown, french, australia等。
(7)在表示称呼语的名词之前,以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如:
doctor green is a scientist.
格林博士是位科学家。
有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧(二)、有(足)族无球(运动)、有文无章、学而不专:
1)有水无湖:海、洋、海湾、河等,都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the);
the red sea,the pacific ocean,the persian gulf, the yangtze river the great lakes(五大湖);lake erie(伊利湖) 2)有球无星:地球,月亮用the;行星不用the: mars,venus;
3)有山无峰:the huangshan mountains(黄山);mount everest(珠穆朗玛峰);
mount(or mt.) tai(泰山).
4)有独无欧(偶):独一无二的,the earth,the moon,the sun用the; 欧洲等七大洲不用the.
europe,africa,asia,north america,south america,antarctica,oceania 5)有(足)族无球(运动):种族用the:the indians(印第安人);球类运动baseball,basketball 6)有文无章:历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用the
the constitution( 宪 法 ); chapter one 7)学而不专:学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the; the university of fudan; fudan university
第三章 介词一、定义
介词preposition缩写prep.,又叫前置词,表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或
从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词,不能单独在句中作成分。
二、介词的用法
1、表示时间的(at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、
until、through、from、since、within) (1)at:用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。
at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前
(2)on:用于星期,某天,某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时,一律用)
on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午
on march 8 在3月8日
(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。
in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份
in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon在下午过……后(未来时间)
i think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小时后就会回来。
i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。
(4)before:在……之前
wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨,魏华在7点之前起床了。
(5)after:在……之后
after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull . 从那时起,任何人不得捕杀海鸥。
(6)by:在……前(时间),截止(到)……
by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .
在我到达之前,她已经走了。
(7)for:达……之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时,过去时,将来时连用,但是经常和完成时连用。
florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest .
弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。
(8)during:在……期间
during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres .
在一个人的一生期间,北美洲和欧洲由于漂移,其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。
(9)through:一直……(从开始到结束)
he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington
领导美国度过了这些年代的他,于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。
(10)from:从……起(时间)
the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening
.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。
(11)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)
since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起,我的眼睛一直不是很好。
(12)within:不……超过的范围
he will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。
2、表示地点(at、in、on
、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front
of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)
(1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)
at school上学 at home在家 at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号
at the station 在火车站
(2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)
she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。
(3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below
①on:在……上面,有接触面
on the table 在桌子上面
②above:在……上方
sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.
有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。
③over:在……正上方,是under的反义词
over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上,他们建起了金字塔。
④under:在……下面,在……之内
the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。
⑤below:在……下方,(不一定是正下方)
three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .
3000米以下,除了茂密的丛林之外,她什么也看不见。
- near ,by
①near:近的,不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间,in the near
future在不远的将来。
green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。
②by:在……旁边,比的距离要近
juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days .
朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。
- between ,among ,around
①between:在两者之间
the differences between american english and british english are not very great
.美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。
②among:在三者或者更多的之中
there are some american students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。
③around:环绕,在…..的周围,在……的四周
they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it .
他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷
- in front of ,behind
①in front of :在……的前面
there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。
②behind :在…..后边
are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗?
- in ,into ,out of
①in:在…..之内,用于表示静止的位置
there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。
②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk
,jump ,run..
she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。
- along ,across ,through
①along:沿着
go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .
沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。
②across:横过(平面物体)
very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .
各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。
③through:贯通,通过
the students walked through the gate with uncle wang .
学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。
- to ,for ,from
①到达……地点(目的地)或方向
where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了?他去伦敦了。
②for:表示目的,为了……
do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗?
③from:从……地点起
how far is it from london to new york? 从伦敦到纽约有多远? 3、表示手段和材料的介词用
(1)with
①和……在一起
these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them .
这些板块载着各个大陆,像航船一样不断地漂移。
②具有,带有
a person with good manners is always kind and polite.
有礼貌的人总是和和气气,彬彬有礼的。
③用某种工具或方法
he could swim with some special swimming shoes.
穿着一些特制的游泳鞋,他能游泳。
(2)in:表示用什么材料(例如:墨水,铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着,声调特点时,不用with而用in。
what’s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说?
(3)by:通过……方法,手段
what do you mean by the word“island”? “island”是什么意思
i prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。
4、其他
(1) of , from
①of 属于)……的,表示…..的数量或种类
it was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。
②from:来自(某地,某人),以….起始
she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。
(2)without ,like ,as
①without :没有,是with的反义词
she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。
②like:像……一样
like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .
像很多同龄的孩子一样同,丁芳是个少先队员。
③as:作为
they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。
(3)against:反对。靠着
everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。
(4) about:
① 关于,各处,四周
nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。
② 询问某人,某物的情况或提出建议
what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样? 口 诀
口诀1:年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午, 用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不借。 at也在时分前,说“差”用to,说“过”要用part。
口诀2: in在……里, out在……外,在旁边的是beside,靠近的为by 。on在……上, under在……下, above在上头, below在底下。
口 诀 3: this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下,above、below则不然,若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。 同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
口诀4:before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since以来during间,since时态多变换。 与之相比beside,除了last but one。
口诀5:
①早、午、晚要用in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天
②黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午
at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6点钟
at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
at the weekend 在周末
③年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 例;in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april
在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周
④阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in,在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。例:don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 they are reviewing their
lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white
穿着白色衣服的妇女
⑤将来时态in...以后 例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
i'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 we'll be back in no time.
我们一会儿就回来。 come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
after... (从过去开始)
⑥小处at大处in
i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市. 有形with无形by,语言 、单位、材料in
例:the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.
这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"taking tiger mountain by strategy" is a good opera.
<<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)
the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil.
这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)
i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed. 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。
⑦特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in 特征或状态:
they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
还有一些心理短语也用in,如: in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in
fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。
⑧介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。介词at和to都可以表示方向;
用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。
she came at me. 她向我扑过来。
she came to me. 她向我走过来。
he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢. she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃
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