独立主格的详细解读（10分钟搞定独立主格）

10分钟搞定独立主格

非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语：如

Being ill, he went home.

由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）

Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。

（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

当非谓语动词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们要使用独立主格结构，这时的状语带有自己的逻辑主语，从而在结构上与句子的主语断绝了关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。它还是一种从属的结构，并非完全独立。

一、结构（两种构成方式）：

①名词/代词 形容词/副词/不定式/分词/介词短语

②with/without 名词/代词 形容词/副词/不定式/分词/介词短语

非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。

Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.

有这么有能力的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 有逻辑上主谓关系）

= Now that there is such an able man to help you, you will succeed sooner or later.

He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他妈妈开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk 的逻辑主语是he）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.

The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.

1、名词/代词 形容词

He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他转向我，眼睛里带着困倦。

= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.

He stood there, his mouth wide open.

他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。

= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.

2、名词/代词 副词

School over, we all went home.

放学了，我们都回家了。

= School was over, and we all went home.

He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。

= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.

3、名词/代词 不定式

在此结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。

His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.

他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

—Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？

—sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这那么多的作业要批改，我真耽误不起时间。（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干合作，每人翻译这本书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)

4、名词/代词 现在分词

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.

每个人准备好后，老师开始上课了。（相当于When everyone was ready…)

The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会了。（相当于after everyone was seated…）

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由于男孩儿带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于Because the boy led the way…）

Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 由于许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于As many eyes were watching him…）

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 由于今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。

= Because it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.

There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 由于没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 如果时间允许的话，我们下星期将去野餐。（相当于If time permits…)

My health allowing, I will work far into the night.如果我的健康允许的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于If my health allows…）

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于…and his eyes were looking at the sky）

5、名词/代词 过去分词

与逻辑主语 动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.

该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.）

The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更努力了。（= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.）

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 (= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.)

The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）

6、名词/代词 介词短语

He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。

= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.

The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。

= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.

The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。

= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.

注意：在此结构里，如果名词是单数，则不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。

The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.

音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）

二、 独立主格结构中，逻辑主语加过去分词和不定式结构区别：

动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 有这么多的事情要处理，经理看上去很着急。

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。

三、省略being的独立主格结构

“逻辑主语 being 其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语 动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去。

Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.

十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（youngest和a boy 之间省略了being）

注意： 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下不能省略，①在“There being 名词”结构中，②逻辑主语是代词的。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.

由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。

四、 with/without 构成的独立主格结构

上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况与此结构的用法相同。

1、with 名词/代词 形容词

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.

他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.

He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.

注意：

在“with 名词/代词 形容词”结构中，也可用形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。

2、with 名词/代词 副词

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.

所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。= Our school looks even more beautiful if/when all the lights are on.

The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.

3、with 名词/代词 动词不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.

The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.

4、with 名词/代词 现在分词 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.

5、with 名词/代词 过去分词

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

作业做完了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.

With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.

I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.

6、with 名词/代词 介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.

他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.

Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.

文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里叼着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.

注意： 在with/without 引导的独立主格结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。

Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.

她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）

五、 独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构在句中除了能作原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。它可位于句首、句中或句尾，通常用逗号与句子隔开。

1、作状语

相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。

①时间状语

Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）

All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）

With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）

②原因状语

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。 （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)

③条件状语

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.

如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）

All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.） Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.

如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）

注意：表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。

误：When class being over, the students left their classroom.

正：Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。

误：The moon appearing and they continued their way.

正：The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。

④伴随状语

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.

那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）

The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）

2、作定语

其功能相当于一个定语从句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)

他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.

You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)

你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.

He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.

他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road )

= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.

注意：并非所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.

如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不能改为独立主格结构）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.

如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不能改为独立主格结构）

Pracice

1.______ no bus, we had to walk home.

A. There was

B. There being

C. Because there being

D.There were

2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.

A. Time permits

B. If time permitting

C. Time permitting

D. Time's permitting

3._____, we all went home happily.

A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said

C. Goodbye said

D. When goodbye said

4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.

A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather

C. It was fine weather

D. It being a fine weather

5. ____, the bus started at once.

A. The signal was given B. The signal giving

C. The signal given

D. When the signal given

6. She stood there,____from her cheeks.

A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down

C. with tears rolled down

D. tears rolling down

7. ____,the leaves are turning green.

A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on

C. Spring came on

D. Spring being come on

8. _____, I had to buy a new one.

A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost

C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost

9. I used to sleep with the window _____.

A. opened B. open C. opening D to open

10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.

A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder

C. Gun on shoulder

D. A gun being on shoulder

11.____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

A. As B. For C. With D. Through12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.

A. do B. doing C. done D. to do

13. He stood there silently, his lips________.

A. trembling B. trembled

C. were trembling

D. were trembling

14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

A. All things considering B. All things considered

C.All things were considered

D.With all things were considered

15. ______, we will surely succeed.

A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us

C. The teacher will help us

D. With the teacher helping

16.The thief stood before the policeman,______admitting what he had done.

A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head

C.raising his head

D.with his head down

17.________,he can't go out for a walk as usual.

A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing

C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do

18.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ________and his eyes ______.

A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.closing;open D.closing;opening

19.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.

A.be considered B.considered

C.considering

D.having considering

20._________ ,we have to get down to business right away.

A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left

C.There being no time left

D.There to be no time left

21.______yesterday,we went out for a walk.

A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day

C.It being a fine day

D.For it was a fine day

22.The old man stood there,______ .

A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall

C.with back against wall

D.his back against wall

1-5 BCCAC 6---10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB

16--20 DAABC 21--22 CB

,