西方人文主义的产生与发展（西方人文主义）

Western Humanism

人文主义是文艺复兴时期主张以人为中心、一切为了人的利益，并与宗教神学相对立的早期资产阶级世界观和人生观，也是欧洲新兴资产阶级反封建的政治思潮和新文化运动。人文主义运动最早兴起于十四世纪下半叶的意大利，十五、十六世纪遍及西欧各主要国家。主要代表人物有:意大利的彼特拉克、彭波那齐、达•芬奇、薄伽丘，荷兰的爱拉斯谟，法国的蒙田等。人文主义者用“人性”反对“神性”，用“人权”反对“神权”。他们以人为中心，反对中世纪的崇拜神贬低人的思想，提倡人的尊严和价值，歌颂人的智慧和力量，赞美人性的完美与崇高;主张个性解放和自由平等，反对教会的精神独裁和封建等级制度，憎恶中世纪的禁欲主义;提倡科学文化知识，反对经院哲学和蒙味主义。他们要求人们把眼光从神转向人，从天堂转向尘世，宣扬人生来平等，个性自由不可侵犯，现世的幸福高于一切。人文主义者把这些要求宣布为人类普遍具有的自然本性，认为人性的这种自然要求在中世纪被压抑和埋没了，现在他们才重新“发现”和“肯定”了“人”。人文主义思潮对当时的哲学、文学艺术、语言等各种意识形态都产生了广泛的影响。

Humanism

Humanism is the early bourgeois world outlook and outlook on life in the Renaissance, which advocated that people should be the center and everything should be for the interests of people, and which is opposite to religious theology. It is also the political trend of thought and the new cultural movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe against feudalism. The humanistic movement first arose in Italy in the second half of the 14th century, and spread throughout the major countries in Western Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The main representatives are Petrarch, Pomponazi, Da Vinci and Boccaccio of Italy, Erasmus of the Netherlands, Montaigne of France, etc. Humanists use "humanity" to oppose "divinity" and "human rights" to oppose "divine rights". They took people as the center, opposed the medieval idea of worshiping God and belittling people, advocated human dignity and value, praised human wisdom and strength, and praised the perfection and loftiness of human nature; Humanists advocated individual liberation, freedom and equality, opposed the spiritual dictatorship and feudal hierarchy of the church, and hated asceticism in the Middle Ages; They advocate scientific and cultural knowledge and oppose scholasticism and obscurantism. They require people to turn their eyes from God to man, from heaven to earth, and advocate that all men are created equal, that freedom of personality is inviolable, and that happiness in this world is above all else. Humanists declared these requirements as the universal natural nature of human beings, believing that such natural requirements of human nature were suppressed and buried in the Middle Ages, and now they have "discovered" and "affirmed" "human beings" again. The trend of humanism had a wide influence on philosophy, literature, art, language and other ideologies at that time.