英语中动词do的用法（英语常见词do的用法值得深究）
作者：YOYO君
字数：3680字
说起英语中的词汇do，大家肯定都不陌生，看上去好像没什么值得学习的。不就是“做”的意思吗？
但是当我们翻开一本英语词典的时候，就会发现这个小词do真是不得了，用法竟然有这么多！这么复杂！
在《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》中，动词do的解释足足占据了三大页之多！
在《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》中，动词do 的解释也有两页之多。
若是查阅各类线上词典以及语法资料，如剑桥语法、柯林斯词典等，我们也会被其庞杂的用法及词项所震撼！
一个小小的不起眼的do，确实值得我们好好研究学习。
今天，这篇文章，我们一起简单整理一下动词do的用法吧！
do作为动词时，可以分为助动词和主动词两种用法。另外还有一个特殊的“代动词”用法。
一、 do作助动词的用法
助动词，顾名思义，就是用于辅助主动词表示不同的语法意义。
do作为英语中的基本助动词之一，主要作用有两大类：
1. 1 do用于构成否定句和疑问句。
否定句可包括否定陈述句和否定祈使句等。
疑问句包括一般疑问句（肯定或否定），特殊疑问句和附加疑问句（反义疑问句）等。
我们列举一些例子，小伙伴们观察比较。
We don't want to work.
I did not know John had a knife.
It doesn't matter if we win or lose.
Don't (you) speak to me like that!
Don't let's argue about it (= let's not argue about it).
Don’t let him disturb us.
Please don't disturb Mary when she's working.
Do you like music?
Doesn't Mary look old these days?
What did she say?
Where does he live?
You met her at our party, didn't you?
You don't understand this question, do you?
此处注意do的不同形式，如第三人称单数does，过去式did等。
1.2 do 在句中可表示强调，以加强语气。
一般用在肯定陈述句或祈使句中。我们列举一些句子，大家观察学习。
I do understand.
We do like your new jacket!
John does look smart in his new suit!
She does look so tired!
I didn’t recognise your dad, but I did recognise your mum.
You did have your phone with you.
Do shut up, Tom, and get on with your homework.
Do write and let me know how you're getting on.
Do sit down.
Do help yourself to another drink.
Do let me have a look!
Do let’s stop arguing!
二、 do 作代动词的用法
do用作动词性替代词，以避免重复。在一些语法书和词典中将do的这种用法划归为助动词范围，有的语法书和词典将此种用法划归为主动词用法。
在这里，我们认为do作“代动词”的用法不同于助动词，单独将其提出来进行讲解。一般说来，代动词do可替代主动词 补足成分，或是替代主动词。
我们举个例子，大家都不会陌生：
She plays the piano better than she does (=plays) the guitar.
He speaks French as fluently as he does (=speaks) Chinese.
Tom plays better than he did a year ago.
Jim works harder than she does.
He put more feeling into the words than he had ever done before.
A: Who won?
B: I did.
A: We went to the concert in the park last year.
B: Yes, we did too.
这里我们还要复习两种小伙伴非常熟悉的两种句型：“So do 主语”和“So 主语 do”，这两者的用法和意义一定要牢记。
A: I love dogs.
B: So do I.（我也是）
A: I don't want to go back.
B: Neither do I.（我也不想）
A: They work hard.
B: So they do. （确实如此）
A: Jim speaks French.
B: So he does. （确实如此）
有时候，我们也可以在代动词do后面加上so, it, that/this等，组成do so, do it, do that/this等形式。
He said he was going to move to New Zealand and, to everyone’s surprise, he did so/did it/did that.
I wanted them to leave, and politely asked them to do so, but they wouldn’t go, so I called the police. (=I wanted them to leave and I politely asked them to leave.)
A: She accidentally deleted some emails on her computer.
B: I do it all the time. (=I delete files all the time.)
A: Would you ever give a stranger your phone number?
B: No. I would never do that. (=I would never give a stranger my phone number.)
主动词，又叫实义动词。
do作为实义动词时，可以是及物动词，也可是不及物动词。学习的重点在于动词的时体态式等用法。以下的例子，大家注意do的各种形式。
He usually does his homework in front of the television.
I’ve got to stay home and do my homework.
What are they doing this evening?
We will do what we can to help.
They did 400 miles yesterday.
They are free to do as they please.
What have you done with my coat (= Where have you put it)?
I’m sorry, there’s nothing more to be done (= nothing else will help).
另外，do作实义动词学习的难点还在于它庞大的词义。在各大英语词典中，do用作实义动词时至少有20项词义，绝不仅仅是“做”的意思。
细究起来它可翻译成数十种词汇，具体的含义需要在语篇中进行分析研究。
而且，do 构成的词组动词、习语、成语等数量众多，掌握起来较为困难，特别是一些习语，单纯从字面来看无法知晓其确切意义，这就需要我们查阅词典，切不可“想当然”、“差不多”，以致望文生义。
这里，我们简单列举一些常见的do 的词组动词（Phrasal Verbs）：
do away with废除：He thinks it's time we did away with the monarchy.他认为我们该废除君主制了。
do for毁灭：Without that contract, we're done for.要是没有那份合同，我们就完蛋了。
do up包起来: She was carrying a package done up in brown paper.她提着一个牛皮纸包。
do without没有……也行: If they can't get it to us in time, we'll just have to do without.如果他们不能及时给我们拿来，我们只好将就了。
最后，总的来说，关于英语小词do，我们需要学习的内容有很多，不管是从语法角度还是从语义角度。尤其是当一个英语句子中既有助动词do又有主动词do的时候，我们应该进行简单的判断。只有弄清它是助动词还是主动词，才能更好地理解句子，才能更好地输出句子。
以下几个简单句子，大家观察do的用法，看看是助动词还是主动词？
What do you do (= what is your job)?
What does she want to do when she leaves school?
What did she do for a living?
Not only did I speak to her, I even got her autograph!
Do be careful.
I did say he was a liar, but I was wrong.
这是YOYO君整理的关于do的用法笔记。希望小伙伴养成查阅词典学习英语的习惯，因为词典中蕴含着丰富的英语语料。
英语语法规则若是记不住，小伙伴可以多积累英语例句，背诵并仿写，逐渐掌握英语的词汇用法及地道表达。
参考文献：
麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典
牛津高阶英汉双解词典
剑桥英语语法
柯林斯英语词典
章振邦《高级英语语法》
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