江南最好的书院（这些宁波不为人知的最美书院）

天一阁声名远播，然而宁波还有很多小而美的书院、书楼却鲜有人知，甚至连宁波人也未必知晓。它们随历经沧桑，却卓立不倒，时至今日仍在泽及其后人。

甬上书院小集

桃源书院Taoyuan Academy

书院可以称得上是藏书楼的进阶形式，除了积聚有大量图书之外，还需有著名学者领导，聚众授徒，既教学也研究，大有作为。甬上书院自唐始，桃源书院是宋时办得极为出色的一家。最早创始者为“庆历五先生”之一的王致，授业的人中除了南宋宰相史浩、甬上第一状元张孝祥，还有王安石、周师厚、汪洙等百余人。如今重建在鄞州四明山居山巅之上的桃源书院，宽阔方正，古朴清雅，似仍有书声琅琅，不负千年学府的美誉。

Academy can be said to be an advanced form of library. In addition to storage of a large volume of books, it should also have famous scholars to teach students and make researches. Since the Tang Dynasty, Taoyuan Academy was most famous in Ningbo during the Song Dynasty. Its initiator was Wang Zhi, who is one of the “Five Most Famous Teachers in Qingli Reign”, and there were also teachers, such as prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty –Shihao, the No.1 Scholar of Ningbo – Zhang Xiaoxiang, as well as Wang Anshi, Zhou Shihou, Wangzhu, etc totally over 100 persons. Nowadays, Taoyuan Academy is re-built in mountain of Ningbo, Yinzhou. Being spacious, upright, simple and refined, it seems that Taoyuan Academy still has readers reading aloud, so it really deserves the reputation of millennium academy.

白云庄Baiyunzhuang

海曙西郊管江岸的白云庄，因“万氏八虎”之万斯选著有《白云集》，人称白云先生，卒后葬于此地而得名。清时黄宗羲为其后人万泰的好友，应邀来万氏老宅设“甬上证人书院”讲学，大受推崇。黄宗羲由此感叹“生平师友皆在甬上”。彼时的白云庄有学众百余名，往来皆鸿儒，在整个宁波城都闪耀着了不起的光芒，四明文风顿开。

Baiyunzhuang is located at Guanjiang river bank, western suburb of Haishu District. It is famous for Mr. Baiyun, who is named Wansi, one of the “eight famous people of Wan Clan”. Mr. Baiyun wrote Baiyun Collections. He was buried at Baiyunzhuang after death. In Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi, was a good friend of Wantai, who was the descendant of Wansi. Huang Zongxi was invited to Wan Clan residence to set up “Ningbo Witness Academy”and give lectures which were greatly respected. Therefore he signed with emotion that all his lifetime teachers and friends were in Ningbo. At that time, Baiyunzhuang had over 100 students and the people here to and fro were all learned scholars, shining marvelously in whole Ningbo city, thereafter literary customs begun to be prevalent in Ningbo.

石镜精舍Shijing Cottage

位于前童镇南岙村里的石镜精舍，始建于明洪武十三年（1380年），原是前童童氏七世孙童伯礼创办。童伯礼从小爱读书，并立志让前童子弟耕读传家，便自创精舍，聘请了当时为朝野推重的方孝孺前来讲学，课教子弟。一时名声大振，不仅前童好学子弟拜其为师，连浙东其他地方的名家子弟也纷纷来此入其门下。

Popularity of Orthodox Knowledge :Located at Nanao Village of Qiantong Town, Shijing Cottage was established in 13th year during the reign of Hongwu Emperor of Ming Dynasty (B.C. 1380) by Tong Boli, who was the seventh-generation grandson of Tong Clan of Qiantong Town. Tong Boli was fond of reading since young, and was determined to make Qiantong Town’s children to read books at part time. Therefore, he created the cottage himself and hired Fang Xiaoru, esteemed by the court and commonalty then, to give lectures. For a period of time, Fang Xiaoru was so famous that not only children in Qiantong but also from other places of east Zhejiang province came to the cottage to learn from him.

风雨天一阁

“书藏古今，港通天下”这是宁波人为自己选定的城市口号，以“书”开城——如此慎重而宝贵的第一字，除了天一阁，再没有任何地方能够匹配。它是一座风雨楼，趟着漫脚的雨水打开的是一本家族厚重的灵魂史；它的家族用偏执的理想主义抵住了岁月的风蚀，历经百年仍有回声嘹亮。天一阁就是宁波的书，更是宁波的魂。

“A Library of Books, A Port to the World”, this is the slogan of Ningbo people for their city. The slogan is started with “Shu (book)”, which is prudent and precious. There is no other place that can match this word than Tianyi Chamber。It is an ancient chamber recording the soul history of a family; the family has resisted the wind erosion of time with idealism, and is still sound after hundreds of years. Tianyi Chamber is not only the book of Ningbo, but also the soul of it.

“天一阁”的名字源于《易经》“天一生水”，取风水相宜、避火灾之意。作为中国现存最早的私家藏书楼，当时的兵部右侍郎范钦为修建此楼颇费了一番心思。时值乾隆皇帝敕命测绘天一阁的房屋、书橱的款式，兴造了著名的“南北七阁”，用来收藏所撰修的七套《四库全书》。

Name of “Tianyi Chamber” originated from the phrase of “Tian Yi Sheng Shui” (the first product of heaven is water). Its implied meaning is to use water to prevent fire. As China’s existing earliest private library, Fanqin, the right minister of the Ministry of War in feudal China, spent a lot of time on it. At that time, Emperor Qianlong ordered to map and survey the style of Tianyi Chamber’s houses and bookshelf. Famous “Nan Bei Qi Ge” (seven houses in north and south) were built to collect the seven sets of “Si Ku Quan Shu” (four branches of literature). The regions in south of the Yangtze River is rainy and damp.

但书册一怕潮湿、二怕火灾，江南多雨，空气潮湿，于是这座楼的地砖下铺了大量干燥的细沙以防潮，书楼中上方悬挂一匾，上书“宝书楼”三字，整个房间以书橱的形式相隔成六开间。书橱前后皆有门，可通风去霉。楼下顶上做成了藻井形式，绘有水纹和古代水兽，象征以水治火，阁前凿一水池，名为“天一池”，以备蓄水防火。再加上范氏倾族呕心相护，如此楼中藏书方能历经400余年而不毁，实为不易。

However, the books fears dampness and fire. Therefore a lot of dry fine sands are buried in floor tiles of the building. There is a horizontal inscribed board with written words of “Bao Shu Lou” (library of precious books). The whole room is divided into 6 case bays in form of bookshelf. There are doors in front and back of the bookshelf, and thus achieve good ventilation and prevent mildew. The down-stair and top are made in caisson forms, painted with water waves and ancient beasts, symbolizing preventing fire with fire. There is also a pond in front of the chamber which is named “Tianyi Pond” used to store water and prevent fire. Thanks to care and efforts of Fan Clan family, the chamber has had a history of over 400 years of book collection, which is really uneasy.

要阅读宁波，天一阁必是最重要的章节，却不是唯一一章。自宋以来名家辈出、名楼迭现，宁波自有其深厚悠远的藏书文化。

Tianyi Chamber is the most important chapter if you want to read Ningbo, but it is not the only chapter. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been numerous famous scholars and buildings kept emerging in Ningbo. Therefore it has profound culture of book collection.

比如余姚梁弄旧有“浙东第二藏书楼”之称的五桂楼，最盛时珍藏古籍多达6万余卷，规格庞大，“藏书之富甲越中”的美誉可不是徒有虚名。据说当时主人黄澄量不定只藏不阅的旧规，凡远方求读者，一概供以食宿，许上楼展阅，一时引得四方文人学士不远千里前来拜访。有着这样的胸襟气派，五桂楼纵然外观小巧，也足以在宁波藏书史上留下令后人敬仰的一席之地。

For example, Wuguilou Building in Liangnong Town of Yuyao County, famous as “the Second Largest Library of East Zhejiang”, has as many as over 60,000 volumes of ancient books at its peak. The scale is so large that it really deserves the reputation of “No.1 Library in Core Yue Kingdom”. It was said that the master then – Huang Chengliang stored irregularly unread books into the building and permitted readers from afar to go upstairs and read the books, and also treated them with food and accommodation. Therefore, scholars from different directions gathered here from distant places. Even though it seems small from appearance, Wuguilou Building should have an important position in Ningbo’s book collection history due to its all-inclusive bosom.

还有孝闻街上小小一间伏跗室，乃民国以来四明藏书第一大家的藏书楼，安静古朴，经战乱而屹立不倒。座座藏书阁将藏书人的铮铮铁骨一脉相承，身有铜墙铁壁，心有书香袅袅，为城市立住了风雅之根。

Moreover, there is a small Fufu House in Xiaowen Street, which is Ningbo’s No.1 library since the Republic of China (19121949). It is serene and primitive, and stands erect even after the war. The libraries have witnessed the tradition of book collection of Ningbo, as well as literary families and impregnable chambers, all of which have contributed to the city's literary pursuits.

甬上文人录

王应麟Wang Yinglin （1223-1296）：鄞县人，号深宁居士。南宋著名学者。Person of Yin county, also namedShenningjushi. A famous scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty.

王阳明Wang Yangming（1472-1529）：余姚人，字伯安，别号阳明，世称阳明先生。明代文学家、哲学家、思想家、政治家和军事家，“心学”流派的重要代表人物。Person of Yuyao, also namedBoan and yangming, known as Mr. Yangming. Litterateur,philosophy, ideologist, politician and militarist, and important representative of “heart-mind theory” school.

黄宗羲Huang Zongxi（1610-1695）： 余姚人，字太冲，别号梨洲老人，世称梨洲先生。明末清初经学家、史学家、思想家、地理学家、教育家，与顾炎武、王夫之并称“明末清初三大思想家”。Person of Yuyao, also named Taichong and Lizhou Old Man, known as Mr. Lizhou. Scholar of Confucian classics, historian, ideologist, geologist, educator of late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, reputed as “the three most famous ideologists in late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty”.

全祖望Quan Zuwang（1705-1755）：鄞县人，字绍衣，号谢山，世称谢山先生。清代史学家、文学家和思想家，浙东学派重要代表。Person of Yin County, also named Shaoyi and Xieshan, known as Mr. Xieshan. Historian, litterateur and ideologist of Qing Dynasty, as well as important representative of East Zhejiang School.

本文节选自《阿拉旅游》杂志2015年12月刊《书香•古今怀天下》一文。iPhone、iPad用户可在App Store搜索“阿拉旅游”下载杂志App，即可查看全文；或可登陆宁波旅游网、悦读网、中邮阅读、读览天下、博看网、蜘蛛网、好的网、锋阅网、麦米网等在线发布平台，阅览电子杂志。关注“阿拉旅游”微信公众号，在菜单栏可线上阅读微刊。

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《阿拉旅游》杂志2015年12月刊

文：黄璐婕

编辑：宇宙人 in《阿拉旅游》杂志

【阿拉旅游杂志原创作品】

阿拉旅游 •文艺连萌|覆盖千万文艺生活实践者

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