英语词汇与希腊神话（英文版希腊神话精读）

编者按/精读指导(B)：本课作为《哈利波特》英语原著阅读的辅助课程，我们学习有关水仙花的两个希腊神话故事。上节课（Lesson 2 [Rowling 2014f: 29]）我们知道了，德拉科·马尔福的母亲Narcissa（纳西莎）的名字来自Narcissus（水仙花）。本课希腊神话Lesson 1选自英文版 Mythology: Timeless Tales of gods and Heroes第90-91页，讲述了希腊神话中两个关于水仙花来源的故事：一个使家喻户晓的版本，希腊美少年Narcissus（那喀索斯）拒绝最美丽的仙女Echo(艾柯)的爱，爱上自己水中的倒影，死后化作美丽的花，大家就用他的名字Narcissus来命名这种花。英文单词narcissism的含义是‘自我陶醉，自赏，自恋[尤指对自己的容貌]’。 这就是德拉科·马尔福的母亲Narcissa（纳西莎）名字的背后的含义。

同时在希腊神话中还有另一个版本的narcissus（水仙花）的故事：宙斯为了帮助自己的弟弟冥王哈得斯(Hades)追到美少女Persephone (珀耳塞福涅)变化出无比美丽的narcissus（水仙花），在忍住花香的诱惑，独自采花的过程中被冥王哈得斯(Hades)带走，成为冥界王后。这个版本中主要是强调narcissus（水仙花）的美丽。我会专门写一个有关这个故事的短文，供大家参阅，以更好理解英文单词背后的文化蕴含。希腊文化和圣经文化是西方/英语世界两个重要的文化来源，学习一种语言，有必要了解她的文化背景。

本课学习中，我们需要重点掌握下面五个单词、固定短语：fair (美丽的), with arms outstretched/with outstretched arms (张开双臂), entreatingly (恳求地; 乞求地), waste away ([尤指因病]变得瘦弱)。

另外还有Echo (艾柯[希腊神话中的仙女])，大家要注意它在人名上的含义。这个词我们都知道在英语中它有‘回响; 回声; 回音’的含义，记得我在读研的时候，有一次和其它系朋友讨论一个课题，一位女同学自我介绍她的英文名字是Echo，当时我还奇怪，怎么取一个‘回响; 回声; 回音’这样的名字呢，后来看希腊神话才知道原来这个女生给自己取得名字含义是最美丽的小仙女。

Mythology: Timeless Tales of gods and Heroes, page 90

LESSON 1A: PAGE 90 [March 3 &4, 2022]

exquisite [ɪkˈskwɪzɪt] adj: extremely beautiful or carefully made. (精美的；精致的) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

bloom [bluːm] n: ([常指供观赏的]花) [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014b: 280]

glow [ɡləʊ] v: to appear a strong, warm colour. (色彩鲜艳；绚丽夺目). [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014a: 17]

Zeus [zjuːs] (宙斯：希腊神话中最高的天神；克洛诺斯和瑞亚的儿子) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

call sth into play (formal) to make use of sth. (利用；使用) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

underworld [ˈʌndəwɜːld] n: the underworld (阴间; 冥府; 阴曹地府) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

maiden [ˈmeɪdn] n: (literary) a young girl or woman who is not married. (少女；处女；未婚女子). [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014e: 187; Minford 2015: 421]

Demeter [dɪˈmitər] (得墨忒耳：克洛诺斯和瑞亚的女儿，农业女神，婚姻和女性的保护者) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

Persephone: the daughter of Demeter and Zeus, the Queen of the Lord of the dark underworld. (珀耳塞福涅) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

gather [ˈɡæðə(r)] v: ~ sth (采集[植物、水果等]) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

companion [kəmˈpæniən] n: ([爱好、志趣等相投的]伙伴，同伴) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

vale [veɪl] n: (谷; 山谷) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

meadow [ˈmedəʊ] n: (草地; 牧场) [Hamilton 2012: 90; Minford 2015: 94]

rose [rəʊz] n: (玫瑰[花]; 蔷薇[花]) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

crocus [ˈkrəʊkəs] n: (番红花) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

violet [ˈvaɪələt] n: a small wild or garden plant with purple or white flowers with a sweet smell that appear in spring. (紫罗兰). [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014b: 20]

iris [ˈaɪrɪs] n: (鸢尾属植物) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

hyacinth [ˈhaɪəsɪnθ] n: (风信子) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

catch [kætʃ] v: ~ sth (看见；听到；出席；参加) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

glory [ˈɡlɔːri] n: great beauty. (壮丽; 辉煌; 灿烂) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

marvel [ˈmɑːvl] n: (令人惊奇的人[或事]；奇迹) SYN: wonder. [Hamilton 2012: 90]

immortal [ɪˈmɔːtl] n: (长生的；永世的；不朽的) OPP: mortal. [Hamilton 2012: 90]

mortal [ˈmɔːtl] adj: (不能永生的; 终将死亡的) OPP: immortal. [Hamilton 2012: 90]

blossom [ˈblɒsəm] n: ([尤指果树或灌木的]花朵，花簇) [Miller 2008: 79; Hamilton 2012: 90]

fragrance [ˈfreɪɡrəns] n: a pleasant smell. (香气；香味；芳香) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

salt [sɔːlt] adj: n: (盐；食盐) SYN: sodium chloride. [8A: 58; Hamilton 2012: 90]

spy [spaɪ] v: ~ sb/sth (literary or formal) to suddenly see or notice sb/sth.(突然看见；发现) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

steal [stiːl] v (stole, stolen): to move secretly and quietly so that other people do not notice you. (偷偷地[或悄悄地]移动). [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014a: 41]

fearful [ˈfɪəfl] adj: (formal) nervous and afraid. (担心; 担忧; 忧虑) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

alone [əˈləʊn] adj., [not before noun] adv: without any other people. (独自) [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014b: 226]

resist [rɪˈzɪst] v: (忍住；抵挡) [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014e: 223]

Mythology: Timeless Tales of gods and Heroes, page 91

LESSON 1B: PAGE 91 [March 3 & 4, 2022]

fill [fɪl] v: ([使)充满; 装满；注满；填满) [8A: 61; Hamilton 2012: 91]

basket [ˈbɑːskɪt] n: (篮；篓；筐) [9A: 46; Hamilton 2012: 91]

stretch [stretʃ] v: to put out an arm or a leg in order to reach sth. (伸出，伸长[胳膊、腿]). [Hamilton 2012: 91; Rowling 2014a: 55; 2014d: 296]

plaything [ˈpleɪθɪŋ] n: (玩物; 玩乐对象) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

chasm [ˈkæzəm] n: (literary) ([地上的]深裂口，裂隙，深坑) [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014e: 762]

coal-black [ˌkəʊl ˈblæk] adj: very dark in colour. (乌黑的; 漆黑的) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

spring [sprɪŋ] v (sprang, sprung): (跳; 跃; 蹦) SYN: leap. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

chariot [ˈtʃæriət] n: ([古代用于战斗或比赛的]双轮敞篷马车) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

splendour ['splendə(r)] n: grand and impressive beauty. (壮丽; 雄伟；豪华；华丽) SYN: grandeur. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

majestic [məˈdʒestɪk] adj: (雄伟的; 威严的; 壮观的) SYN: awe-inspiring, splendid. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

radiance [ˈreɪdiəns] n: ([散发出来的]光辉) [Hamilton 2012: 91; Minford 2015: 260]

springtime [ˈsprɪŋtaɪm] n: (春季; 春天; 春令) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

narcissus [nɑːˈsɪsəs] n (pl. narcissi [nɑːˈsɪsaɪ]): (水仙; 水仙花) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

lad [læd] n: (old-fashioned or informal) a boy or young man. (男孩儿; 少年; 男青年; 小伙子) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

long [lɒŋ] v: to want sth very much especially if it does not seem likely to happen soon. ([尤指对看似不会很快发生的事)渴望) SYN: yearn. [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014b: 355]

long to do sth. [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014b: 355]

heartbroken [ˈhɑːtbrəʊkən] adj: (极为悲伤的; 心碎的) SYN: broken-hearted. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

maiden [ˈmeɪdn] n: (literary) a young girl or woman who is not married. (少女；处女；未婚女子). [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014e: 187; Minford 2015: 421]

fair [feə(r)] adj: (literary or old use) beautiful (美丽的). [Hamilton 2012: 90; 2014b: 149]

nymph [nɪmf] n: ([古希腊、罗马神话中居于山林水泽的]仙女) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

Echo [ˈekəʊ] n: (艾柯[希腊神话中的仙女])

move [muːv] v: (使感动[尤指因为同情或悲伤]；打动) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

Artemis: the goddess of woods and wild creature. (阿尔忒弥斯；月神和女猎神，宙斯和勒托的女儿，阿波罗的姊妹) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

goddess [ˈɡɒdes] n: a female god. (女神) [9A: 11; Hamilton 2012: 91]

displeasure [dɪsˈpleʒə(r)] n: ~ (at/with sb/sth) (formal) (烦恼; 生气; 不悦) SYN: annoyance. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

mighty [ˈmaɪti] adj: (especially literary) very strong and powerful. (强有力的) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

Hera [ˈhɪərə] (赫拉：天后，克洛诺斯和瑞亚的长女，宙斯的姊妹和妻子) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

occupation [ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn] n: (消遣；业余活动) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

Zeus [zjuːs] (宙斯：希腊神话中最高的天神；克洛诺斯和瑞亚的儿子) [Hamilton 2012: 90]

suspect [səˈspekt] v: (疑有，觉得[尤指坏事可能属实或发生]) [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014e: 390]

divert [daɪˈvɜːt] v: ~ sth (转移[某人]的注意力; 使分心) SYN: distract. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

investigation [ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn] n: ([正式的]调查，侦查) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

gay [ɡeɪ] adj: (old-fashioned) (愉快的; 快乐的; 充满乐趣的) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

chatter [ˈtʃætə(r)] n: continuous rapid talk about things that are not important. (唠叨的话，喋喋不休). [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014a: 74]

amused [əˈmjuːzd] adj: (被逗乐的；觉得好笑的) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

steal [stiːl] v (stole, stolen): to move secretly and quietly so that other people do not notice you. (偷偷地[或悄悄地]移动). [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014a: 41]

wander [ˈwɒndə(r)] v: (闲逛；漫游；游荡). [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014a: 33; 2014e: 91]

fancy [ˈfænsi] n: (想要；爱好) SYN: whim. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

alight [əˈlaɪt] v: ~ (in/on/upon) (of a bird or an insect) to land in or on sth after flying to it. (降落，飞落). SYN: land. [Hamilton 2012: 91; Minford 2015: 415]

injustice [ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs] n: (不公正，不公平[的对待或行为]) OPP: justice. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

condemn [kənˈdem] v: ~ sb/sth (for/as sth) ([通常因道义上的原因而]谴责；指责) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

lovelorn [ˈlʌvlɔːn] adj: (literary) (单相思的; 失恋的) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

youth [juːθ] n: (often disapproving) (青年男子；小伙子) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

companion [kəmˈpæniən] n: ([爱好、志趣等相投的]伙伴，同伴) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

rapture [ˈræptʃə(r)] n: (狂喜; 欢天喜地; 兴高采烈) SYN: delight. [Hamilton 2012: 91]

long [lɒŋ] v: to want sth very much especially if it does not seem likely to happen soon. ([尤指对看似不会很快发生的事)渴望) SYN: yearn. [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014b: 355]

long to do sth. [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014b: 355]

joyful [ˈdʒɔɪfl] adj: (高兴的; 快乐的; 令人愉快的)

joyfully [ˈdʒɔɪfəli] adv: [Hamilton 2012: 91]

step [step] v: adv./prep. to lift your foot and move it in a particular direction or put it on or in sth; to move a short distance. (迈步; 踩; 踏；行走). [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014a: 17; Minford 2015: 104]

outstretched [ˌaʊtˈstretʃt] adj: (伸展的; 张开的) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

with arms outstretched/with outstretched arms (张开双臂) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

disgust [dɪsˈɡʌst] n: (厌恶; 憎恶; 反感). [Hamilton 2012: 91; 2014a: 37]

power [ˈpaʊə(r)] n: (控制力；影响力；操纵力) [Hamilton 2012: 91]

Mythology: Timeless Tales of gods and Heroes, page 92

LESSON 1C: PAGE 92 [Thursday, March 3, 2022]

humble [ˈhʌmbl] adj: (谦逊的；虚心的) SYN: modest.

humbly [ˈhʌmbli] adv: [Hamilton 2012: 92]

entreat [ɪnˈtriːt] v: (formal) (恳求; 乞求)

entreatingly adv: [Hamilton 2012: 92]

blush [blʌʃ] n: ([因难堪、羞愧] 面部泛起的红晕) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

shame [ʃeɪm] n: (羞耻; 羞愧; 惭愧) [Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014e: 437]

lonely [ˈləʊnli] adj: (偏僻的；人迹罕至的) SYN: isolated. [Hamilton 2012: 92]

waste away: (of a person) to become thin and weak, especially because of illness. ([尤指因病]变得瘦弱) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

cruel [ˈkruːəl] adj: causing pain or suffering. (引起痛苦的) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

scorner /'skɔ:nə/ n: (不屑于[接受或做]者; 轻蔑地拒绝者) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

wound [wuːnd] v: ~ sb (使[心灵]受伤；伤感情) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

pray [preɪ] v: to speak to God, especially to give thanks or ask help. (祈祷; 祷告) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

prayer [preə(r)] n: ~ (for sb/sth) (祈祷; 祷告[的内容]) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

Nemesis [ˈneməsɪs] n: the goddess of the righteous anger. (涅墨西斯：为希腊神话中人格化为冷酷无情的复仇女神) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

nemesis [ˈneməsɪs] n (pl. nemeses [ˈneməsɪ:z]) (formal): [U, sing.] (报应; 应得的惩罚; 不可避免的失败)

righteous [ˈraɪtʃəs] adj: (正当的; 公平合理的; 正义的) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

undertake [ˌʌndəˈteɪk] v: ~ to do sth | ~ that… to agree or promise that you will do sth. (承诺；允诺；答应) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

pool [puːl] n: (水坑，水塘，池塘[尤指自然形成的]) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

reflection (BrE also, old-fashioned reflexion) [rɪˈflekʃn] n: (映像; 映照出的影像) [Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014a: 216; 2014b: 307]

burn [bɜːn] v: (literary) to feel a very strong emotion or desire. (有强烈的情感；渴望) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

burn with sth [Hamilton 2012: 92]

lovely [ˈlʌvli] adj: beautiful; attractive. (美丽的；优美的；有吸引力的；迷人的) [7B: 65]

loveliness [ˈlʌvlinəs] n: (美丽动人; 漂亮可爱; 楚楚动人) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

pine [paɪn] v: ([因死亡、离别] 难过，悲伤)

pine away: to become very sick and weak because you miss sb/sth very much. ([因思念等]病重虚弱；憔悴) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

perpetual [pəˈpetʃuəl] adj: (不间断的; 持续的; 长久的) SYN: continuous.

perpetually [pəˈpetʃʊəli] adv: [Hamilton 2012: 92]

lean [liːn] v: ( adv./prep.) to bend or move from a vertical position. (前俯[或后仰]; 倾斜). [Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014b: 302; 2014e: 153]

gaze [ɡeɪz] n: (凝视；注视) [Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014b: 152; 2014e: 468]

image [ˈɪmɪdʒ] n: (镜像；影像；映像；图像) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

farewell [ˌfeəˈwel] exclamation: (old use or formal) goodbye. (再见；再会) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

spirit [ˈspɪrɪt] n: (灵魂；鬼魂；幽灵) [Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014e: 245]

cross [krɒs] v: to go across; to pass or stretch from one side to the other. (穿越; 越过; 横过; 渡过).[Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014e: 91; Minford 2015: 333]

encircle [ɪnˈsɜːkl] v: ~ sb/sth (formal) (环绕; 围绕; 包围) [Hamilton 2012: 92; 2014d: 492]

glimpse [ɡlɪmps] n: ~ (of sb/sth) | ~ (at sb/sth) (一瞥; 一看) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

catch a glimpse (瞥一眼) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

scorn [skɔːn] v: (formal) (不屑于[接受或做]; 轻蔑地拒绝) [Hamilton 2012: 92]

burial [ˈberiəl] n: (埋葬；安葬； 葬礼) [9A: 62; Hamilton 2012: 92]

lie [laɪ] v (lies, lying, lay, lain): (躺; 平躺; 平卧). [8B: 2; Hamilton 2012: 92; 9A: 157; 2014e: 235; 2014g: 400]

bloom [bluːm] v: to produce flowers. (开花) SYN: flower. [Hamilton 2012: 92]

Greek mythology Lesson 1 [Hamilton 2012: 90-92] 作业：

1. 认真读课文，学会用英文简述有关水仙花的两个希腊故事。

2. 坚持每天掌握1到2个生词，风雨无阻，天天坚持。

《哈利波特》精读系类之编者按/精读指导(A)：成人英语学习应该有更多的主动性，在高中英语的基础上，应该尽快进入英语原著和英文报纸的阅读，这样才能尽快的提升英语水平。因为英语原著和英语报纸，不同于中学的考试，其中的内容都是英语的实际应用。我会和朋友们一起分享英语原著《哈利波特》7册的内容和中国日报(China Daily)上面的英文报道。我们本着共享的理念，以“雅思6.5及之上的考生英语阅读水平”来编辑《哈利波特英语词典》，其中也会收录中学英语课本的一些单词。用《哈利波特英语词典》里面收录的单词来为《中国日报》等阅读文章做单词表。我们会认真精讲7册《哈利波特》中每一页，制出相对对应的单词表。

关于英语学习方法，请大家参考我在2022年2月28日所写的“英语学习方法论（一）”。这篇文章是基于我们近期《哈利波特与凤凰社》泛读和精读43课，以及《中国日报》泛读和153篇精读文章所写。

就我们初级英语课程而言，我们目前有两个工作目标：一是编写《哈利波特英语词典》，单词收录量为2到3万；二是编写《博雅英语阅读文库·中国日报1000篇》。我们有三级英语课程，初级英语课程为《哈利波特》7册的内容和中国日报(China Daily) 、《乔布斯传》、《马斯克传》等英语原著，以训练学生流畅地阅读英语小说、英语报刊杂志和按照英语习惯顺畅地写作为目标；中级英语课程为英语学术训练，能流畅地阅读英语学术著作，如 A New History of Western Philosophy，并能够书写规范的学术论文；高级英语课程是以了解通过英语来学习文化，学习莎士比亚等英美名家著作、英文版的《圣经》、希腊神话、《易经》等等，目的是更加深入地了解英语背后的文明和中华文明等，让英语学习不仅仅止于语言，要上升到文明的角度来学习英语和用英语来学习。我们认可这样的理念“语言和宗教是定义一个文明的核心标志”。我们的课程有三个立足点，一、高中毕业的英语水平；二、有学习的主动性；三、雅思最低成绩6.5。

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