总需求的价格弹性和供给的弹性 需求弹性与供给弹性

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今天大亭为大家带来我的“需求弹性与价格弹性”，欢迎您的访问。

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Today, Dating will brings you my "Elasticity of demand and price"，Welcome your visit!

01

需求价格弹性及其决定因素

需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度，是一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量。如果一种物品的需求量对价格变动的反应大，可以说这种物品的需求是富有弹性的。如果一种物品的需求量对价格变动的反应小，可以说这种物品的需求是缺乏弹性的。

Price elasticity of demand measures the response of demand to price changes, which is a measure of the response of demand of goods to price changes. If the demand for a kind of goods has a large response to price changes, it can be said that the demand for such goods is elastic. If the demand for a kind of goods has little response to price changes, it can be said that the demand for such goods is inelastic.

什么因素决定一种物品的需求富有弹性还是缺乏弹性呢?

必需品与奢侈品 必需品倾向于需求缺乏弹性，而奢侈品倾向于需求富有弹性。当看病的价格上升时，人们并不会大幅度地改变他们看病的次数。与此相比，当游艇价格上升时，游艇需求量会大幅度减少。

相近替代品的可获得性 有相近替代品的物品往往较富有需求弹性。例如，黄油和人造黄油很容易互相替代。假设人造黄油的格不变，黄油价格上升，就会引起黄油销售量大大减少。

市场的定义 范围小的市场的需求弹性往往大于范围大的市场，因为范围小的市场上的物品更容易找到相近的代品。

时间的长短 当汽油价格上升时，在最初的几个月中汽油的需求量略有减少。随着时间推移，人们购买更省油的汽车，转向公共交通，或迁移到离工作地方近的地点。在几年之内，汽油的需求量会大幅度减少。

What factors determine whether the demand for a good is elastic or inelastic?

Necessities and luxury goods Necessities tend to be inelastic in demand, while luxury goods tend to be elastic in demand. When the price of seeing a doctor rises, people will not significantly change the number of times they see a doctor. In contrast, when the price of yachts rises, the demand for yachts will decrease significantly.

Availability of similar substitutes Articles with similar substitutes are often more elastic in demand. For example, butter and margarine can easily replace each other. Assuming that the price of margarine remains unchanged, the increase in the price of butter will lead to a significant decrease in the sales volume of butter.

The demand elasticity of a small market is often greater than that of a large market, because it is easier to find similar substitutes for goods in a small market.When the price of gasoline rises, the demand for gasoline decreases slightly in the first few months. Over time, people buy more fuel-efficient cars, switch to public transport, or move closer to their workplaces. Within a few years, the demand for gasoline will decrease significantly.

02

供给价格弹性及其决定因素

供给规律表明，价格上升供给量增加。如果供给量对价格变动的反应很大，这种物品的供给是富有弹性的。反之，这种物品的供给是缺乏弹性的。

The law of supply shows that the price rises and the supply increases. If the supply quantity responds greatly to the price change, the supply of such goods is elastic. On the contrary, the supply of such goods is inelastic.

物品产量的伸缩性 诸如书、汽车和电视这类制成品供给富有弹性，是因为生产这些物品的企业可以由于对价格上升作出反应而让工厂更长时间地运行。

考虑时间长短 供给在长期中的弹性通常都大于短期。在短期中，企业不能轻易地改变他们工厂的规模来增加或减少一种物品的生产。在长期中，企业可以建立新工厂或关闭旧工厂。此外，新企业也可以进入一个市场，旧企业也可以关门。因此，在长期中供给量可以对价格作出相当大的反应。

The elasticity of the output of goods, such as books, cars and televisions, is due to the elasticity of the supply of manufactured goods, because the enterprises that produce these goods can make the factories run longer because they react to the rise in prices.

Considering the length of time, the elasticity of supply in the long term is usually greater than that in the short term. In the short term, enterprises cannot easily change the size of their factories to increase or reduce the production of a product. In the long run, enterprises can establish new factories or close old factories. In addition, new enterprises can also enter a market, and old enterprises can also close down. Therefore, in the long run, the supply can make a considerable response to the price.

03

供给、需求和弹性的应用

如图，当石油供给减少时，市场反应取决于时间长短在短期中，供给和需求求较为缺乏弹性。因此，当供给曲线由S1移动到S2时．价格大幅度上升。与此相比,在长期中供给与需求较富有弹性,在这种情况下，供给曲线同样大小的移动(从S1到S2）引起价格小幅度上升。

As shown in the figure, when the oil supply decreases, the market response depends on the length of time. In the short term, supply and demand are relatively inelastic. Therefore, when the supply curve moves from S1 to S2, the price rises significantly. In contrast, in the long run, supply and demand are more elastic. In this case, the movement of the same size of the supply curve (from S1 to S2) causes the price to rise slightly.

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参考资料：《曼昆经济学基础》

翻译来源：百度翻译

声明：本文由LearningYard新学苑原创，如有侵权，请联系删除！

文案|雷雅婷

排版|雷雅婷

审核|闫庆红