韩国为什么有那么多艺人去世（两名韩星接连死亡）

据韩国警方，歌手具荷拉在家中死亡，由于没有他杀嫌疑，警方将不对其进行尸检。

韩国已故女星具荷拉

Goo Ha-ra, a K-pop diva and member of girl band KARA, was found dead Sunday at her home, police said.

据韩国警方，韩国流行女歌手、女团KARA成员具荷拉24日被发现死于家中。

具荷拉死因目前尚未公布，据警方昨天的调查声明，否认了他人作案的嫌疑。

At a press conference, the police said, "A pessimistic note about her life written in Hara's handwriting was discovered on the table in the living room. At 6PM yesterday evening, the housekeeper discovered Hara's body. After combining on-site investigations as well as witness accounts, we have concluded that there is no crime."

在记者会上，警方称，“我们在客厅的桌子上发现了一张具荷拉笔迹写的便条，内容透露出她对生活的悲观情绪。24日晚6点，保姆发现了具荷拉的尸体。在结合现场调查和证人陈述后，我们得出结论，不存在犯罪行为。”

此外，韩方记者联系了具荷拉生前最后的经纪公司日本Keyeast制片公司，但Keyeast方面对韩国媒体表示：“与具荷拉的专属合同到期后，就无法联系到她了。”

具荷拉的死亡距离上一位明星意外离世还不到两个月。

韩国已故女星雪莉

据韩联社报道：

The two were known to be close friends, and Goo mourned Sulli's death by sharing photo images of herself with Sulli on her Instagram account, saying, "Jin-ri (will be able to) to do as she wishes in the world over there." Jin-ri is Sulli's legal name.

具荷拉和雪莉是好友，在雪莉死后具在Ins上传了两人的合照来缅怀她，并发文“崔真理（将会）在天国做她想做的事了”。崔真理是雪莉真名。

今年初，闹得沸沸扬扬的胜利夜店事件余波未平，现在韩国接连爆出女明星死亡的消息，又在社会上掀起一波舆论焦虑。

人们自然而然地会把这些事情联系起来：韩国娱乐圈怎么了？

不妨看看外媒是怎么看的。

“我有抑郁症，谁能帮帮我”

25日，《华盛顿邮报》发表文章称，具荷拉的死亡突显了韩国女星的压力问题。

报道提到两个时间点：具荷拉死前仅六个月，她曾自杀未遂；而不到六周前，她的朋友雪莉上吊自杀。

The 28-year-old’s death came six months after she was found unconscious at her home in what local media described as a suicide attempt and less than six weeks after her friend and fellow K-pop singer Sulli was found dead in a suspected suicide.

她们的去世凸显了K-pop明星们巨大的心理问题：

Sulli’s death highlighted the huge pressures on K-pop stars, partly exerted by demanding fans, and the lack of mental health support in this country.

雪莉的死让人们关注到了韩流明星们巨大的心理压力问题。这些压力有部分来自苛刻的粉丝，还有部分是因为这国家缺乏对明星心理健康的帮助。

Both women, members of an industry in which female singers are not supposed to date or even live real lives but instead conform to rigid norms, had their private lives intensely examined in public and were the subject of hateful online comments.

这两位女星所在的娱乐行业不准女歌手约会，甚至过上正常人的生活。相反，她们还要遵守严格的规矩，私生活被公众密切地审视着，自己则沦为网络恶评的受害者。

然而，被迫承受着心理压力的明星们，不是没有向外界求助过：

Last year, she took the rare step of speaking out about her mental health issues, saying she had suffered from panic disorder since she was young and also had social phobia.

2018年，雪莉罕见地迈出一步，承认自己有心理问题，并称从很早开始，自己就患上了恐慌症，还有社交恐惧症。

另据韩国媒体报道，雪莉此前一直在寻求周围人的帮助。她曾请求公司和网民善待自己，但这个情况一直都没有改变。

而具荷拉去年也曾因为男友的感情纠葛患上抑郁症，这期间虽有抗争还振作起来，恢复了事业，但最终还是离开了……

雪崩时，没有一片雪花承认有罪

这些心理问题产生的根源一部分就来自不负责任的网络恶评和谩骂。

同越来越多的韩国女歌手和演员一样，雪莉和具荷拉也是被网络谩骂的对象，这些谩骂往往来自匿名的男粉丝，他们对偶像拒绝遵守社会规范感到愤怒。

据《卫报》报道：

Her “crimes” had included live-streaming a drinking session with friends and her decision not to wear a bra in public. She also revealed that she was in a relationship at the zenith of her singing career, defying the industry’s carefully crafted image of young female stars as sexually desirable but inexperienced.

网友总结的雪莉的“罪行”包括，直播与朋友喝酒的过程、不在公共场合戴胸罩。在歌唱事业巅峰时期，雪莉透露自己正在恋爱，这打碎了娱乐界精心打造的年轻女星性感可爱，但缺乏恋爱经验的形象。

她还打破禁忌，主持了《恶评之夜》，讲述网络暴力对焦虑症和社交恐惧症的影响。

韩国建国大学（Konkuk University）身体与文化研究所（Institute of Body and Culture）韩国性别问题专家Yunkim Ji yeong教授说：“对于女明星应当如何表现，韩国社会存在着怎样的固有错误，对此雪莉表达了她的看法。”

“She expressed her views about what was intrinsically wrong in our society about how female stars are supposed to behave.”

韩国《亚洲经济日报》也称，各种形式的网络欺凌（cyberbullying），在韩国早已成为一个社会问题。

《亚洲经济日报》：具荷拉之死震动韩国娱乐圈

Various forms of cyberbullying such as online hate comments against celebrities have long been a social problem in South Korea. Some entertainers have committed suicide due to depression aggravated by malicious online comments. Sulli was put under a barrage of hate comments for many years for uploading images that they thought were provocative.

各种形式的网络欺凌，比如针对名人的网络仇恨言论，在韩国早已成为一个社会问题。一些艺人因网络恶评加重抑郁而自杀。多年来，雪莉因为上传被网友视为有挑逗性的图片而招致一连串恶评。

同时，韩国的艺人培养体系也剥夺了年轻艺人接受心理辅导的机会，导致他们在面对恶评时无所是从。

首尔某精神病诊所的主任医师Park Jong-seok告诉《韩国时报》（Korea Times）：

“Many celebrities who debuted at young ages suffer from depression and anxiety as they have to live in the public eye. They can be vulnerable if they get too much attention. They go through adolescence without experiencing genuine friendships and stability with peer groups.”

“许多在年少时就出道的艺人，因为不得不生活在公众的视野中而遭受抑郁和焦虑的折磨。他们在青春期时，就没有与同龄人建立起真挚的友谊和团结稳定的关系。”

韩流乐坛的阴暗面

相比韩国媒体仅停留在恶评和心理问题上，对女星频频死亡的悲剧，其他国家媒体的分析则更加大胆、透彻。

本月初，彭博社发表文章，报道了韩国流行乐坛的阴暗面。

彭博社：韩国流行乐坛的黑暗面：殴打、卖淫、自杀和监控摄像

这篇文章黑底白字，配图也都是黑白色，排版风格压抑，让你在阅读之前就有一种被阴影笼罩的感觉。

彭博社这篇开头就将K-pop赋予了精神性能：

If K-pop has a spiritual home, it’s probably SMTown.

如果K-pop有一个精神家园，那可能就是SMTown。

众所周知，SMTown这座位于首尔富裕的江南区的六层建筑群由SM娱乐公司（SM Entertainment Co.）运营，是韩国最成功的文化出口的圣地。

这所能够代表韩娱的“精神家园”的里面长什么样？彭博社介绍说：

The lobby walls are covered with framed black-and-white headshots of SM’s “idols,” as K-pop stars are known.

大厅的墙壁上挂满了SM公司韩流明星“偶像”的黑白头像。

男团SHINee的照片也在其中。

2017年12月，SHINee主唱金钟铉在首尔公寓里自杀身亡。

韩国已故男星金钟铉

报道说，如果把27岁的金钟铉放在西方国家，他可能会和其他巨星一样被铭记，比如在那个年龄去世的吉米·亨德里克斯（Jimi Hendrix）和艾米·怀恩豪斯（Amy Winehouse）。

但在这个“名人堂”上，他的信息被刻意隐去了，好像一切都没发生：

But at SMTown, Kim’s death never happened. An otherwise detailed chronology of the band makes no mention of it; on one side of the relevant date he’s in the photos, and on the other he isn’t.

但在SMTown，金钟铉的死从未发生过。关于男团另一份详细年鉴上，对他的自杀只字未提；在一侧相关日期的照片里有他的身影，而在另一侧则没有。

这与韩国培养明星的套路不无关系，彭博社称之为“流水线生产”（conveyor-belt production ）：

Promising stars are put through a gruelling training schedule as they pass along the conveyor-belt production of new girl- and boybands. Young stars are subjected to strict controls over their private lives, including bans on dating, restrictions on mobile phone use and an expectation that they will sacrifice their health to achieve the desired image.

有前途的明星们被公司流水线式地以新的男/女团体的形式推出，这期间他们会经历艰苦的训练。年轻明星的私生活受到严格管制，包括禁止约会、限制使用手机以及牺牲健康来达到理想形象的期望。

但每个K-pop偶像都有老板，没有谁不可替代。

No one in K-pop is indispensable; no idol, no matter how popular, is bigger than the machine.

在K-pop圈里，没有谁是不能替代的。不管某个偶像多受欢迎，都不能比这个机器更强大。

活着的时候是万众瞩目的巨星，公司为你宣传。可一旦死去，不管曾经多红多火，公司总能默默地抹去关于他的记录，过程只不过是把相片换下来而已，一个人两个人……所有离开的明星们都是如此“待遇”。

而女星在娱乐圈的生存更加困难，她们常常是性侵的对象。

Government statistics show that sexual assault and harassment are widespread, though fear of stigmatization means few go public with their experiences.

韩国政府的统计数据显示，性侵犯和性骚扰是普遍存在的，尽管害怕被污名让极少人敢于公开自己的经历。

曾经在夜总会，包括胜利事件的Burning Sun夜店工作过的Joo Won kyu站出来，在一次采访中抨击韩国的“精英性交易文化（a culture of sex trafficking by elites）”，女性被当成一次性用品。

He described Gangnam, where K-pop idols and executives rub shoulders with South Korea’s wealthiest and most connected citizens, as “a male-dominated society” that treats women as disposable.

他将韩国江南区，这个韩国流行偶像和高管与韩国最富有、最有人脉的人密切交往的地方，形容为“一个男性主导的社会”。在这个“社会”，女性被视为一次性用品。

The idol system, he said, has contributed to this culture. “A lot of K-pop idols train from age 9. When they gain some success and popularity, they become like kings.”

他说，偶像制度助长了这种文化。“很多K-pop偶像都是从9岁开始训练的。当他们获得一些成功和声望时，他们就成了国王。”

如果你随便去搜一搜，一定能找到很多女明星被侵犯的新闻，这里我们不再沉重地细数。

前SM高管、娱乐集团CJ ENM公司的郑昌桓（Jeong Changhwan）表示“年轻偶像最好的老师是看到其他偶像陷入丑闻并从行业中消失。”

“The best teacher for young idols is to see fellow idols get into a scandal and disappear from the industry.”

所以这个行业内部千疮百孔，为什么难以改变？

这里，彭博社提到了娱乐产业对韩国经济甚至整个社会的深远影响。

Given K-pop’s titanic cultural and economic significance—the revenue of the four largest K-pop companies in 2018 was about $1.1 billion, according to music export agency DFSB Kollective—a real change in how it operates could shift attitudes in South Korea as a whole.

根据音乐出口机构DFSB kolective的数据，考虑到K-pop在文化和经济方面的巨大意义，2018年四大K-pop公司的收入约为11亿美元，如果K-pop运营方式发生实质性变动，就可能撼动整个韩国的态度。

而更悲哀的是，很多男孩女孩现在仍然被“造星机制”吸引。

他们想要踏进娱乐圈，门槛只有一个，不是艺术追求，而是“只要你缺钱”。

在韩国DSP公司的练习室里，孩子们正在努力训练：

“When I was watching TV as a young girl, I thought those idol groups looked so good, and I wanted to become like them,” said a 15-year-old trainee.

一位15岁的学员说：“小时候看电视的时候，我觉得那些偶像团体看起来很不错，我想变得像他们一样。”

Her motivations, though, were more material than artistic. “My goal is to buy my parents a house,” she said with a giggle.

不过，她的动机更多的是物质上的，而不是艺术上的。“我的目标是给父母买房子，”她笑着说。

在《卫报》上，一位用户写道：“我认为（人们）为韩国娱乐业感到羞耻的一天肯定会到来”。

“一个（让艺人）从青少年时期就通过唱歌、跳舞、做整形手术和节食取悦别人来赚钱的行业，就应该崩塌。”

“I think a day where [people] would be ashamed of the K-showbusiness will surely come,” one user wrote. “I think an industry that makes money by [making people] sing, dance, undergo plastic surgeries and go on a diet to please the gaze of others since they are teenagers should really go bankrupt.”

编辑：白帆

来源：彭博社 华盛顿邮报 卫报 韩联社 亚洲经济日报

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