段落结构表示方法（段落写作的三个维度关系Three）

写作目标、展开方式、内容类型

Purpose, Development and Content in Writing

段落是书籍文章写作的基本单位。在讨论段落写作的各种书里，通常按照三个维度关系把段落内容分类：写作方式、展开方式、内容类型。

Paragraph is the basic unit in writing an article or a book. In all kinds of books discussing writing a paragraph, the content of a paragraph is usually classified according to the three dimensions: way of writing, way of development and type of content.

按照写作目标，可以把段落分成叙述、描写、议论三个基本类型。叙述段落是按照时间顺序写作的；描写段落是按照空间顺序写作的；议论段落是按照逻辑关系写作的。叙述描述的是经验，描写描述的是空间结构，议论描述的是逻辑关系。

Paragraphs are divided into three basic types of narrative, descriptive and expository ones according to purpose of writing. A narrative paragraph is written according to chronological order; a descriptive one according to spatial order, and an expository one according to logical relations. Narration tells about experience, description about spatial structure, and exposition about logical relations.

按照展开方式来分类时，以段落除主题句之外的展开句之间的逻辑关系为依据。其中包括了列举、对比和对照、因果、定义。其中列举、比较都是聚合关系，也就是句子之间是并列的关系。列举是按照渐升渐降的顺序把句子排列起来。对比和对照当中，对比比较相同点，对照比较不同点。这时，句子被分为两组，相互对应，但仍然是组内彼此并列的。

The classification of a paragraph according to way of development takes as basis the logical relations among the supporting sentences except for the theme sentence in a paragraph. These relations include enumeration, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and definition. Among them, enumeration and comparison are paradigmatic. Namely, the sentences are organized in parallel. In enumeration, sentences are lined up in an ascending or descending order. In comparison and contrast, comparison means comparing for similarities while contrast means comparing for differences. And sentences are divided into two groups, each corresponding to one in the other group. But they are in parallel inside each group.

因果、定义两种展开方式是组合关系，也就是句子彼此之间结合在一起形成有意义的结构。因果关系是两个事件先后发生的实质联系，从此出发可以建立起一系列事件推理过程的链条。定义则是集中分析概念的内涵，从一个核心概念出发，用多个概念依次增加内涵，限定概念的外延范围。这些限定概念之间存在相互制约的关系，形成一个结构。

Cause and effect and definition are two ways of development in syntagmatic relation. Namely, the sentences are joined together to form a meaningful structure. Cause-and-effect relation represents the substantive connection between two events that occur one after the other. From this relation, a chain of reasoning can be formed in a series of events. Definition focuses on analyzing the connotation of a concept. It starts from a kernel concept and increases connotation with a number of concepts added to it one by one, which limits the range of the concepts’ extension. This qualifying concepts have mutually-restricting relations among themselves and thus form a structure.

段落主题句之外展开部分的内容，经常是逻辑推理；除此之外，还可以举例、讲故事、列举事实、提供统计数字。举例是简要描述可以说明论点的事物、事件，可以是事实，也可以虚构。讲故事则是叙述一个事件，可能是现实发生的事件，也可能是作者虚构的事件。举例可能一句话就说明白，讲故事则要有头有尾有过程。

The content of the development part in a paragraph besides its theme sentence is often written into logical reasoning. In addition to this, there can also be examples, anecdotes, facts and statistics. An example is a brief account of things or events that can be used to prove an argument. It can be a fact or something made-up. An anecdote is written as a narrative of an event which can be something that has actually happened or something made-up. An example can be written clearly in one sentence while an anecdote needs to have a beginning, an end and the process in the middle.

列举事实时，可以提供简单的现实事物或者事件，可以提供经过总结和分析后得到的结论。统计数字是经过搜集、分析的数据，是一种特殊的事实。

Facts are listed as simple things or events in reality or conclusions drawn through summarization and analysis. Statistics are data collected and analyzed. They are a special kind of facts.

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