瓷器英语怎么读音发音（双语阅读瓷器战争）

The Ceramic Wars: Hideyoshi's Japan Kidnaps Korean Artisans瓷器战争：丰臣秀吉绑架朝鲜工匠

In the 1590s, Japan’s re-unifier, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, had an idee fixe. He was determined to conquer Korea, and then continue on to China and perhaps even India. Between 1592 and 1598, Hideyoshi launched two major invasions of the Korean Peninsula, known together as the Imjin War.

1590年代，丰臣秀吉再次统一日本，他有一个远大的理想，认为自己的天命是征服朝鲜，然后占领中国甚至印度。1592年至1598年间，丰臣秀吉发动了两次征服朝鲜半岛的战争，这两次战争被称作壬辰战争。

Although Korea was able to fend off both attacks, thanks in part to the heroic Admiral Yi Sun-shin and his victory in the Battle of Hansan-do, Japan did not come away from the invasions empty-handed. As they retreated for the second time, after the 1594-96 invasion, the Japanese captured and enslaved tens of thousands of Korean farmers and artisans, and took them back to Japan.

虽然朝鲜最终取得了战争的胜利并赶走了日本侵略者，在朝鲜民族英雄李舜臣的领导下，在闲山岛战役取得了决定性胜利，但日本人也没有空手而归。在1594-96年的侵略战中，日军俘获了数万名朝鲜农民和手艺人，并将他们带到了日本。

Japanese Invasions of Korea日本侵朝战争

Hideyoshi’s reign signaled the end of the Sengoku (or “Warring States Period”) in Japan - more than 100 years of vicious civil war. The country was filled with samurai who knew nothing but war, and Hideyoshi needed an outlet for their violence. He also sought to glorify his own name through conquest.

丰臣秀吉的政权结束了日本持续一百年之久的战国纷争的局面。统一后的日本充斥着大量的武士，除了打仗他们什么都不会，丰臣秀吉需要为他过剩的武力寻找发泄口，同时他也希望通过战争功绩来扩大自己的名声。

The Japanese ruler turned his attention to Joseon Korea, a tributary state of Ming China, and a convenient ladder into the Asian mainland from Japan. Even as Japan had engaged in unending conflict, Korea had been slumbering through centuries of peace, so Hideyoshi was confident that his gun-wielding samurai would quickly overrun the Joseon lands.

日本的这位领导将目光盯向了朝鲜--大明王朝的附属国--进攻亚洲大陆的理想通道。当日本沉浸在无止的内战之中时，朝鲜一直过着悠闲的和平日子。所以丰臣秀吉认为自己手持火枪的武士们可以迅速征服朝鲜大地。

The initial April 1592 invasion went smoothly, and Japanese forces were in Pyongyang by July. However, the over-extended Japanese supply lines started to take their toll, and soon Korea’s navy made life very difficult for Japan’s supply ships. The war bogged down, and the next year Hideyoshi ordered a retreat.

1592年四月，日本人的进攻非常顺利，六月日军就占领了平壤城。但由于战线拉得太长，补给开始力不从心，很快朝鲜海军在海上的抗争让日军的补给工作越来越难。就这样战争进入了胶着状态，次年丰臣秀吉下达了撤退命令。

朝鲜民族英雄李舜臣

Despite this set-back, the Japanese leader was not ready to give up his dream of a mainland empire. In 1594, he sent a second invasion force to the Korean Peninsula. Better prepared, and with aid from their Ming Chinese allies, the Koreans were able to pin down the Japanese almost immediately. The Japanese blitz turned in to a grinding, village-to-village fight, with the tides of battle favoring first one side, then the other.

虽然第一次侵略以失败告终，但日本的这位领导并没有放弃自己的大陆帝国梦。1594年丰臣秀吉向朝鲜半岛派出了第二支侵略军，在明王朝的帮助下，做了更多预防工作的朝鲜军队，几乎在一开始就打败了日本侵略军，日军的闪电战变成了村落之间的争夺战，时而朝鲜占上风，时而日军占上风。

It must have been evident fairly early in the campaign that Japan was not going to conquer Korea. Rather than have all of that effort wasted, therefore, the Japanese began to capture and enslave Koreans who might be useful to Japan.

很明显，从战争一开始日军就发现自己征服不了朝鲜。为了不让自己的战争努力付之东流，日军开始在朝鲜抓捕那些他们认为对日本有用的人才。

日军占领平壤

Enslaving the Koreans奴役朝鲜人

A Japanese priest who served as a medic in the invasion recorded this memory of slave raids in Korea:

一名在日军中充当医生的日本僧人在自己的回忆录上记载了日军抓捕朝鲜奴隶的过程：

"Among the many kinds of merchants who have come over from Japan are traders in human beings, who follow in the train of the troops and buy up men and women, young and old alike. Having tied these people together with ropes about the neck, they drive them along before them; those who can no longer walk are made to run with prods or blows of the stick from behind. The sight of the fiends and man-devouring demons who torment sinners in hell must be like this, I thought."

跟随部队从日本而来的形形色色的商人都是些人贩子，购买部队抓获的男人和女人、老人和小孩。用绳索将这些人的脖子栓在一起，商人在前面拉着他们行进；那些走不动的人被人用刺或者棒子追赶着。地狱里那些魔鬼和食人怪在折磨罪人的情景，我想应该就是这样。

Estimates of the total number of Korean slaves taken back to Japan range from 50,000 to 200,000. Most were likely just farmers or laborers, but Confucian scholars and artisans such as potters and blacksmiths were particularly prized. In fact, a great Neo-Confucian movement sprang up in Tokugawa Japan (1602-1868), due in large part to the work of captured Korean scholars.

根据估计，被抓去日本的朝鲜奴隶在五万至二十万之间。他们其中大部分是农民和工人，但学者和手艺人比如制陶家和铁匠倍受欢迎，1602-1868年，在德川时代兴起的新儒家运动，很大一部分归功于这些被抓获的朝鲜学者。

The most visible influence these slaves had in Japan, however, was on Japanese ceramic styles. Between the examples of looted ceramics taken from Korea, and skilled potters brought back to Japan, Korean styles and techniques had an important impact on Japanese pottery.

这些奴隶为日本带来的最明显的影响是陶艺的发展。从朝鲜掠夺的陶瓷品和朝鲜工匠，为日本的制陶技术升级做重大贡献。

有田烧

Yi Sam-pyeong and Arita Ware尹三平和有田烧

One of the great Korean ceramic artisans kidnapped by Hideyoshi's army was Yi Sam-pyeong (1579-1655). Along with his entire extended family, Yi was taken to the city of Arita, in Saga Prefecture on the southern island of Kyushu.

尹三平是被丰臣秀吉绑架的朝鲜著名工匠之一，他被日军携家带口绑到了九州南部岛上佐贺县的有田。

Yi explored the area and discovered deposits of kaolin, a light, pure white clay, which allowed him to introduce porcelain manufacturer to Japan. Soon, Arita became the center of porcelain production in Japan. It specialized in pieces made with overglazing in imitation of Chinese blue and white porcelains; these goods were popular imports in Europe.

尹在探索了周边地质后发现了一种纯白色的粘性陶土，让他能在日本开展陶瓷生产事业。很快，有田成为了日本的陶瓷制造中心。陶器以临摹中国蓝瓷和白瓷为特色，成为出口欧洲的畅销品。

Yi Sam-pyeong lived out the remainder of his life in Japan and took the Japanese name Kanagae Sanbee.

尹三平在日本度过余生并改成日本名字贺永三卫兵。

Satsuma Ware摩萨烧

The daimyo of Satsuma domain on the southern end of Kyushu Island also wanted to create a porcelain industry, so he kidnapped Korean potters and brought them back to his capital as well. They developed a porcelain style called Satsuma ware, which is decorated with ivory crackle glaze painted over with colorful scenes and gold trim.

九州岛最南部摩番的大名也想建立陶瓷产业，他同样把朝鲜的陶艺家绑到了自己的都城。他们发展出了一种叫萨摩烧的制陶技术，布满象牙裂痕釉的瓷器点缀着多色的彩画和金色镶嵌。

Like Arita ware, Satsuma ware was produced for the export market. Dutch traders at Dejima Island, Nagasaki were the conduit for Japanese porcelain imports into Europe.

和有田烧一样，摩萨烧同样大量出口海外。荷兰商人在长崎出岛上采购日本瓷器运往欧洲各地。

萩烧

The Ri Brothers and Hagi Ware

RI兄弟和萩烧

Not wanting to be left out, the daimyo of Yamaguchi Prefecture, on the southern tip of the main island of Honshu also captured Korean ceramic artists for his domain. His most famous captives were two brothers, Ri Kei and Ri Shakko, who began firing a new style called Hagi ware in 1604.

本州岛南部山口县的大名不甘落于人后，他同样绑架了很多朝鲜陶艺家，其中最有名的是Ri Kei和Ri Shakko兄弟，他们在1604年发明了一种叫萩烧的新制陶技术。

Unlike the export-driven pottery works of Kyushu, the Ri brothers' kilns turned out pieces for use in Japan. Hagi ware is stoneware with a milky white glaze, which sometimes includes an etched or incised design. In particular, tea sets made of Hagi ware are especially prized.

与九州陶器出口销售的形式不同，Ri 兄弟的产品专供日本国内。萩烧是一种经过乳白色封釉的炻瓷，瓷器上常常附着着精巧的雕纹，用炻瓷做成的茶具尤其珍贵。

Today, Hagi ware is second only to Raku in the world of Japanese tea ceremony sets. The descendants of the Ri brothers, who changed their family name to Saka, are still making pottery in Hagi.

在如今日本的茶艺节日上，萩烧仅排在乐烧之后。Ri兄弟的子孙们将自己的家族姓氏改成了日本姓氏Saka，仍然从事着祖传的萩烧事业。

Artistic Legacy of a Brutal War艺术遗产与残酷的战争

The Imjin War was one of the most brutal in early modern Asian history. When Japan's soldiers realized that they would not win the war, they engaged in atrocities such as cutting off the noses of every Korean person in some villages; the noses were turned in to their commanders as trophies. They also looted or destroyed priceless works of art and scholarship.

壬辰之战是近现代亚洲史上最残酷的战争之一。当日本军人发现自己夺取不了战争的胜利，他们针对朝鲜人展开了暴行，比如切掉村民的鼻子献给指挥官作战利品，同时他们也毁掉了朝鲜大量的珍贵艺术品和学术成果。

Out of the horror and suffering, however, some good also appeared (at least, for Japan). Although it must have been heart-breaking for the Korean artisans who were kidnapped and enslaved, Japan used their skills and technical knowledge to produce amazing advances in silk making, in ironwork, and especially in pottery.

除了恐怖与折磨，也有好的方面（至少对日本人来说是这样）。虽然对被抓捕和奴役的朝鲜工匠们来说是一件伤心的往事，日本利用他们的手艺和技术在丝绸制作和铁艺，特别是陶艺等方面取得了巨大的进步。

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