肿瘤免疫sci杂志(读外刊自然破解科技英语-分子条形码揭示肿瘤谱系)
本文节选自外刊《自然》(nature / technology features / article/ 21 March 2022)Molecular barcodes reveal tumour lineages——分子条形码揭示肿瘤谱系。
本文为文章中间部分,节选内容如下:
Molecular barcodes reveal tumour lineages
分子条形码揭示肿瘤谱系
A powerful approach
强有力的方法
Coupling CRISPR with DNA barcodes is a powerful approach, says Brock, who has also developed a barcoding system based on guide RNAs.
Brock说,将CRISPR与DNA条形码结合是一种强有力的方法,他还开发了一种基于guide RNAs的条形码系统。
Developers have turned the CRISPR system into a kind of molecular Swiss army knife, and researchers can exploit those different tools to achieve multiple goals.
开发人员已经将CRISPR系统变成了一种分子瑞士军刀,研究人员可以利用这些不同的工具来实现多个目标。
Brock’s team has developed a technique called ClonMapper, and used it to induce selected tumour-cell populations to die.
Brock的团队开发了一种叫做ClonMapper的技术,并用它来诱导选定的肿瘤细胞群死亡。
“The barcodes are not only these very powerful and quantitative labels of some population, but we can also use them to activate gene circuits in clone-specific ways,” she says. “There’s a lot of possibilities.”
“条形码不仅是一些人群的非常强大和定量的标签,而且我们还可以用它们以克隆特有的方式激活基因回路,”她说。“有很多可能性。”
In exploring those possibilities, barcode length is a crucial factor, Brock says. A longer tag means more cells can receive unique labels.
Brock说,在探索这些可能性时,条形码的长度是一个至关重要的因素。更长的标签意味着更多的细胞可以接收独特的标签。
But sequencing costs and data interpretation can become impractical.
但是测序成本和数据解释可能变得不切实际。
In their study, Brock and her team decided a 20-nucleotide sequence was sufficient to create strong binding sites for guide RNAs.
在他们的研究中,Brock和她的团队认为20个核苷酸序列足以为引导RNA创建强结合位点。
But shorter tags can yield insight into cancer, too.
但是更短的标签也能洞察癌症。
重点词汇
exploit充分利用;剥削;卑劣地利用;大胆的表演;不凡的身手
induce劝使;引诱;导致;致使;引起;引产;引起流产;归纳出;感应;感生
labels标签;标记;称号;商标;唱片公司;签条;(label的复数);贴标签于;把……称为;(label的第三人称单数)
activate使活跃;使运作;激活;使(物质、分子等)活化;活性化
clone克隆;无性系;纯系;复制品;无性繁殖的生物;克隆生物;相仿人;模仿人;相仿物;仿制微机;无性繁殖;复制;非法复制(移动电话)的安全密码给他人获取免费通话
possibilities可能性;(possibility的复数)
barcode条形码;给… 标上条形码
Complex tumour microenvironments are tough to mimic in a plastic dish, but have crucial roles in driving drug resistance and cancer spread.
复杂的肿瘤微环境很难在塑料培养皿中模拟,但在推动耐药性和癌症扩散方面起着至关重要的作用。
They can also pose hurdles in drug development: molecules that seem promising in a dish often fail to work as well in animals.
它们也可能成为药物开发的障碍:在培养皿中看起来很有希望的分子在动物身上往往没有效果。
But researchers cannot screen hundreds of molecules in animal models.
但是研究人员无法在动物模型中筛选数百种分子。
“It’s not justifiable on an ethical level, of course, but also not in terms of time or money,” Grüner says.
“这在道德层面上当然是不合理的,但在时间和金钱方面也是不合理的,”Grüner说。
To bridge that gap, Grüner and her colleagues generated distinctly labelled copies of a pancreatic cancer cell line and grew them in 96-well plates.
为了弥补这一差距,Grüner和她的同事们产生了胰腺癌细胞系的明确标记的副本,并在96孔板中培养它们。
Each well was treated with one of 712 compounds, and to differentiate the various groups, the team used a six-base barcode coupled to a fluorescent protein — enough to resolve 4,096 treatments (or 46 — 4 base possibilities at each position of the 6-base sequence).
每个孔都用712种化合物中的一种进行处理,为了区分不同的组,研究小组使用了一个与荧光蛋白相结合的六碱基条形码,足以解决4096种处理(或在6碱基序列的每个位置有46-4个碱基的可能性)。
“You can’t make [the barcode] too much shorter, because if single-base mutations arise, you can’t distinguish them in a sequencer,” Grüner says. “But it’s not adding anything to make them longer.”
“你不能使(条形码)太短,因为如果单碱基突变出现,你无法在测序仪中区分它们,”Grüner说。“但这并没有增加任何东西让它们变长。”
重点词汇
mimic模仿;学…的样子;模拟;模拟(另一物质)的生理作用;表现出(另一疾病)的症状;酷似;善于模仿…的人;会模拟的动物;模仿的;模拟的
hurdles障碍;(hurdle的复数)
justifiable正当或合理的;情有可原的;无可非议的;能辩护的
distinctly无疑地;明显地;确实地;清楚地
labelled贴标签于;把……称为;(label的过去式和过去分词);贴上标签的
pancreatic cancer胰腺癌
differentiate区别;区分;变异;变化;求…的微分;辨别;使不同;使有差别
barcode条形码;给… 标上条形码
a fluorescent荧光的;一种荧光...;一套荧光...
The team pooled the treated cells and injected them into animals.
研究小组将处理过的细胞混合起来,注射到动物体内。
After about two days — long enough for cells to begin spreading, but not so long they would divide and lose the effects of drug treatment — the team retrieved fluorescence-tagged cancer cells from the mouse lung, where pancreatic cancer cells often spread.
大约两天后——足够长的时间让细胞开始扩散,但不会太长,它们会分裂并失去药物治疗的效果——研究小组从小鼠肺中取出荧光标记的癌细胞,胰腺癌细胞经常在那里扩散。
The researchers then sequenced them to count the barcodes.
研究人员随后对它们进行测序,以计数条形码。
A decrease in the frequency of a given barcode indicated that the associated treatment had worked: it had inhibited cells with that barcode from spreading.
给定条形码频率的降低表明相关的治疗起作用了:它抑制了带有该条形码的细胞扩散。
One treatment that worked particularly well, the team found, targeted not cell division or cell-death pathways, but a lipase, an enzyme that digests fats.
研究小组发现,一种特别有效的治疗方法不是针对细胞分裂或细胞死亡途径,而是针对脂肪酶,一种消化脂肪的酶。
The team’s subsequent testing suggests that the compound prevents cells from squeezing through blood-vessel walls to infiltrate tissues.
该小组随后的测试表明,这种化合物可以防止细胞挤过血管壁渗透到组织中。
“It influences the physical properties of the cell — how sticky or squishy it is — rather than more conventional aspects, like killing the cell,” Grüner says.
“它影响细胞的物理属性——粘性或粘性——而不是更传统的方面,如杀死细胞,”Grüner说。
The team might not have seen this type of change using other methods, says Grüner.
Grüner说,这个团队用其他方法可能看不到这种类型的变化。
And, thanks to the barcoding strategy, she adds, the researchers were able to make that observation using just 36 mice, rather than the hundreds that would typically have been needed.
她补充说,多亏了条形码策略,研究人员只用36只老鼠就能进行观察,而不是通常需要的数百只。
重点词汇
pooled积成池;使受牵连;合伙经营;联营;(pool的过去式和过去分词);合并的
drug treatment药物治疗;戒毒治疗;药品治疗
tagged示踪的;标记的;加标记的;连接;尾随;添饰;加标签于;(tag的过去式和过去分词);紧随
pancreatic cancer胰腺癌
sequenced按顺序排列好;安排顺序;测定(基因或分子成分的)序列;[生化]确定…的顺序;确定…的化学结构序列;(sequence的过去式和过去分词)
barcode条形码;给… 标上条形码
cell division细胞分裂
lipase脂(肪)酶
digests摘要;文摘;(digest的复数)
squeezing挤压;紧抱
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