一国货币怎么样变成国际货币的（一国货币上的面孔能告诉我们什么）

今天的这篇“What can the faces on its currency tell us about a country?”

一国货币上的面孔能告诉我们什么？不是特别难，文章选择了“美国、波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那、新西兰、南非、多米尼加共和国的货币，讲了这些货币上面孔诞生的背后故事。今天的阅读了解点这几个国家货币的历史，一个短语和几个觉得译的好的词做了下划线。

1:United States

Following public outery" Congress passed a law on April 7， 1866， which prohibited depicting the portrait Or likeness of any living person'” on the country's currency(us. law still prohibits using the likeness of living people today, and eyen commemorative" coins honoring a past president cannot be issued until two years after-the president's death.

在公众发出抗议之后，国会于1866年4月7日通过了一项法律，禁止在美国货币上印制“任何在世者的头像或肖像”。现在美国法律依然禁止使用在世者的肖像，甚至纪念前总统的纪念币也需在该总统逝世两年后才能发行。

2: Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina's banknotes bear the images of the country's famous writers, but that decision was driven more by conflict avoidance ” than literary admiration.

波斯尼亚一黑塞哥维那波斯尼亚一 黑塞哥维那的纸币上印的是该国著名作家的肖像，但是，这个决定更多是为了避免冲突，而不是出于文学上的敬意。

3:New Zealand

New Zealand's banknote design has

been “an unintentional® *litmus test" of New Zealand's evolving®self-image ever since it began issuing currency in 1934，according to historian MatthewWright. The British dominion's first banknotes reflected a split identity, bearing both British and local motifs. The earliest series bore a portrait of Maori" King Tawhaiot, whose image was replaced in 1940 with *Captain James Cook. the British explorer who “discovered New Zealand.

新西兰

用历史学家马修•赖特的话说，自

1934，年开始发行货币以来，新西兰纸币的设计就-无意中成了对新西兰不断藏变的百我形象的试金石。

这个英联邦自治领的第批纸币反映了一种分裂的身份，上面既有英国又有本地的图案。最早的货币上是毛利国王塔华欧的肖像，到1940年则被换成了“发现”新西兰的英国探险家詹姆斯．库克船长。

New Zealand became a self-

govering nation in 1947. yet

in 1967, more than 20 years later,

it was still proud of its association

with Britain. Queen Elizabeth II displaced Cook on all denominations, alongside indigenous plants and birds.

新西兰在 1947 年成了一个自治的国家——不过直到20 多年后的1967年，它仍以自己与英国的关系而自豪。伊丽沙白二世女王取代了库克，与当地的植物和乌类一起登上了所有面额的货币。

By the late 20th century, however, New Zealand had begun to think of itself as a diverse" and sovereign” nation.In 1991, five years after winning full legal independence* from Britain, New Lealand removed theQueen from all but its $20 bill and replaced her with prominent New Zealanders Including women's suffrage leader *Kate Shepperd”. mountaineer *Sir Edmund Hillary" Maori political and cultural leader *Sir Apirana Ngata”, and Nobel Prize. winning physicist *Ernest Rutherford

who still grace the banknotes today.

然而，到了20世纪未，新西兰开始把自己看做一个多样化的主权国家。1991年，在赢得了从英国完全独立的法律地位五年后，新西兰将女王从除了20 新西兰元外的其他面额上去掉，换上了一些杰出的新西兰人——其中包括女性选举权运动领袖凯特•谢泼德、登山运动员埃德蒙．希拉里爵士、毛利政治和文化领袖阿皮让纳•恩加塔爵士和获得诺贝尔奖的物理学家欧内斯特．卢瑟福——他们至今仍在纸币上熠熠生辉。

4: South Africa

Like New Zealand, the evolution of South A frica's banknotes reflects the country's reckoning with its colonial history. In 196l, it issued its first banknotes after gaining independence from * Great Britain. In tribute” to its colonial beginnings,

however, each bill bore a portrait of *Jan van Riebeeck. a Dutch explorer who in 1652 founded the trading

station that would become *Cape Town Van Riebeeck remained the face of the nation's currency for three decades. In 1992, however, as South Africa grappled with dismanting its racist apartheid system, he was finally replaced with its iconic “big five animals the rhinoceros ", elephant, lion, *Cape buffalo and leopard" that were deemed more representative ” of (and acceptable to) South Africans.

Twenty years later, South Africa made another big change.In 2012. the country unveiled new banknotes featuring the country's first Black president and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela". Mandela remains the face of South African currency.

南非

像新西兰一样，南非纸币的演变也反映了这个国家对其殖民历史的清算。1961年，南非在从大不列颠独立后发行了首批货币。然而，为纪念其殖民开端，每张钞票上都印上了扬•范里贝克的头像，他是一名荷兰探险家，在1652 年建立了后来成

为开普敦的贸易站。在此后 30年的时间里，范里贝克一直是南非货币上的面孔。不过在1992 年，伴

随着南非废除种族隔离制度的努力，他终于被南非标志性的“五大”动物取代一犀牛、大象、狮子、南非水牛和豹，这些动物被认为更能代表南非人（也更能为南 非人所接受）。20年后，南非又做出了另一个重大改动。2012 年，南非发行了新的纸币，上面印的是该国第一位黑人总统、反种族隔离活动家纳尔逊．曼德拉。曼德拉至今仍是南非货币的面孔。

5: Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic's 200-peso note pays homage to & three sisters who organized a resistance movement against dictator *Rafael Trujilo"and whose murder kicked off a revolution.

多米尼加共和国

多米尼加共和国的200 比索纸币致敬的是三姐妹，她们组织了针对独裁者拉斐尔•特鲁希略的抵抗运动，她们的被杀则掀起了-场革命。