托福阅读中的迷之思维（解决托福阅读的最有效方案）

在托福的考试过程中，对于很多中国学生来说，阅读是一个比较难以攻克的项目，但是相信大家都知道，只要是考试，无论其难度大小，都有其对应的解决方案，而对于阅读来说，文章结构就是解决托福阅读的最有效方案。那么，今天就和同学们谈谈托福的阅读结构是怎么回事~

一个10句话的段落不可能讲10件不同的事情，而是围绕一到两个点展开。围绕一个点展开的若干句子我们可以称之为一个意群。意群划分好后，会出现什么结果呢？典型的段落特征是什么呢？让我们接着看下去：

Topic Sentence：一般来讲，学术议论文主体段前两句会表明此段的核心宗旨和段落写作目标，即，主题句。

Major Point：围绕主题句，可能着重展开两到三个Major Point。注意，Major Point之间既可以是并列关系，也可以是对比，或让步转折。

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. //The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag.//The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason. Topic Sentence：主体段首句：金枪鱼，马鲛鱼和长嘴鱼的流线造型已经达到了艺术的境界;Major Point：围绕主题句展开了三个Major Point：身体形状；眼睛；鱼鳍；看绿色的分隔符。Minor point：为了证明Major point 1：Their bodies are sleek and compact，作者给出解释：The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery.为了证明Major Point 3：The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag，作者采用了类比的论证方式：the landing gear of the airplane和fins之间的类比有效证明fins help cut drag.段落层次--关系：

证明与被证明： Major point的存在是为了证明Topic Sentence；Minor Point是为了证明各自对应的Major Point。

①并列：两条不同信息相同方向，为了同一个目的服务；

②对比：正着讲完道理再反着来一遍，比如这么做如何好 不这么做如何坏；或者正例举完再举个反例，比如小明这么做很成功，小红不这么做死的很惨。

③让步：欲抑先扬或欲扬先抑。

段落层次--变化：

写议论文段落写作的规矩是固定的，但是写作方式是灵活的。也就是说，Topic Sentence，Major Point和Minor Point三层信息之间可以随意排列组合，出现如下变化：

Topic Sentence：

少数段落可能没有主题句或者主题句在段尾；

Major Point：

一个主体段内部有可能有三到四个major point；也可能只有一个；或者只有一半的Major Point，一个主体段不够用，下一个主题段继续。

并且，并不是所有的Major Point都一定有支持自己的Minor Point：某些段落可能只有Topic Sentence和Major Point两层信息，Major Point已经是例子，解释，引用，堆砌数据，或者类比这些具体的证据。

Minor Point：

随心搭配组合Minor Point：一个reason搭配一个例子；或者一个reason搭配一个数据；或是没有reason，正例对比反例；等等。

OG-EarlyCinema

Paragraph 2: These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors,which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to the parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning thatif he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

TPO4-Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening ofthe plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land,logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscapewith roads, cities, towns, and factories.No doubt the numbers ofdeer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer,human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist HelmutBuechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had moredeer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

TPO4-Petroleum Resources

Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marinesediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marinemud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygenin the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remainingorganic matter is preserved.

Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud andmay move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years),accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.

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