食草动物为什么没有结石（英读廊肠道细菌很重要）

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#英语思维#

#英语#

#肠道细菌#

How does grass provide all the energy and nutritional needs of powerful animals like bison and horses?【译】像野牛和马这样庞大的食草动物是如何从吃的草中获取所需的所有能量与营养的？【单词】grass [gras, grahs][ɡrɑːs] n. 草【单词】nutritional [noo-'trish-uhn, nyoo-][nju'trɪʃənl] adj. 营养的；滋养的【单词】powerful ['pou-er-fuhl]['paʊəfl] adj. 强有力的；强大的；有权的；强健的【单词】animals 原型：animal ['an-uh-muhl]['ænɪml] n. 动物【单词】bison ['bahy-suhn, -zuhn]['baɪsn] n. 野牛【单词】horses 原型：horse [hawrs][hɔːs] n. 马

Many grazing animals don't really digest the grass itself.【译】许多食草动物其实自身并不真正消化草。【单词】grazing 原型：graze [greyz][ɡreɪz] v. 放牧；（牛、羊等）吃草【单词】digest [dih-'jest, dahy-]['dɑɪdʒɛst] vt. 消化

Take a cow for instance.【译】以奶牛为例。【单词】cow [kou][kaʊ] n. 母牛，奶牛【单词】instance ['in-stuhns]['ɪnstəns] n. 例子；场合；情况

When a cow chews up the grass and swallows, it ends up in a stomach chamber called the rumen.【译】当一头牛把草咀嚼并吞咽时，它最终会进入一个叫做瘤胃的胃腔。【单词】chews 原型：chew [choo][tʃuː] v. 咀嚼；嚼碎【单词】swallows 原型：swallow ['swol-oh]['swɒləʊ] v. 吞下；咽下【单词】stomach ['stuhm-uhk]['stʌmək] n. 胃；胃口；腹部

【单词】chamber ['cheym-ber]['tʃeɪmbə] n. 室；房间【单词】rumen ['roo-min]['ruːmen] n. 瘤胃(反刍动物的第一胃)

This is basically a fermentation chamber.【译】这基本上是一个发酵室。【单词】basically ['bey-sik-lee]['beɪsɪkli] adv. 基本上；主要地【单词】fermentation [fur-men-'tey-shuhn][ˌfɜːmen'teɪʃn] n. 发酵

It's filled with microbes that digest the chewed up grass.【译】里面充满了微生物，可以消化被啃坏的草。【单词】filled 原型：fill [fil][fɪl] vt. 装满；弥漫；填充【单词】microbes 原型：microbe ['mahy-krohb]['maɪkrəʊb] n. 微生物；细菌

These bacteria produce all kinds of lipids (fats), proteins, and so on as byproducts of their own digestive system.【译】这些细菌产生各种脂质（脂肪）、蛋白质等，作为自己消化系统的副产品。【单词】bacteria 原型：bacterium [bak-'teer-ee-uhm][bæk'tɪəriəm] n. 细菌【单词】lipids ['lɪpɪdz] 原型 lipid n. 脂质；类脂【单词】fats 原型：fat [fat][fæt] n. 脂肪【单词】proteins 原型：protein ['proh-teen, -tee-in]['prəʊtiːn] n. 蛋白质【单词】byproducts 原型：byproduct ['bahy-prod-uhkt]['baɪˌprɒdʌkt] n. 副产品【单词】digestive [dih-'jes-tiv, dahy-][daɪ'dʒestɪv] adj. 消化的；助消化的

The cow then regurgitates the cud from the rumen back into it's mouth where it chews up this mash of predigested material into a much finer particulate of broken down grass, bacteria and the bacteria's beneficial byproducts.【译】然后牛把反刍的食物反流回嘴里，在嘴里把这些经过简单消化了的物质嚼成更细的颗粒，这些颗粒由分解的草、细菌和产生细菌时的有益副产品组成。【单词】regurgitates [ri-'gur-ji-teyt][rɪ'ɡɜːdʒɪteɪt] v. 反刍；（液体）回流【单词】cud [kuhd][kʌd] n. 反刍的食物【单词】mash [mash][mæʃ] n. 糊状物【单词】predigested [pree-di-'jest, -dahy-][ˌpriːdɪ'dʒest] vt. 预先消化；使易消化【单词】particulate [per-'tik-yuh-lit, -leyt][pɑː'tɪkjələt] adj. 微粒的 n. 微粒状物质【单词】broken 原型：break [breyk][breɪk] v. 打碎；折断【单词】beneficial [ben-uh-'fish-uhl][ˌbenɪ'fɪʃl] adj. 有利的；有益的

It then swallows this cud again, this time it's much finer and more liquid.【译】然后它又吞下了这个反刍物，这次它更细，更液态。【单词】liquid ['lik-wid]['lɪkwɪd] adj. 液体的；液态的

It sinks to the bottom of the rumen and instead of remaining in the rumen, it's passed on to the cow's other stomach chambers.【译】这次它会下沉到瘤胃底部，而不是留在瘤胃中，因而将被传递到奶牛的其他胃腔。【短语】instead of 代替（……的是）；而不是…；例句：Instead of pressing forward, they drew back. 他们不仅没有前进，反而后退了。Oops! I put in sugar instead of salt. 啊！我错把糖当盐放了。【单词】sinks 原型：sink [singk][sɪŋk] v. 下沉；沉没；渗透【单词】bottom ['bot-uh m]['bɒtəm] n. 底部；底端 【单词】remaining 原型：remain [ri-'meyn][rɪ'meɪn] v. 剩余；逗留；留下【单词】passed 原型：pass [pas, pahs][pɑːs] v. 通过；经过；度过；传递

This mass of bacteria, byproduct, and predigested grass is then properly digested by the cow.【译】这些大量的细菌、副产品和预消化后的草随后被奶牛适当地进一步消化掉。【单词】mass [mas][mæs] n. 大量；块；众多【单词】properly ['prop-er]['prɒpəli] adv. 适当地；正确地；完全地

Without the bacteria and the byproduct of the bacteria, grass wouldn't be nutritious for the cow at all.【译】如果没有细菌和细菌的副产品，草对奶牛来说根本就没有营养。【单词】nutritious [noo-'trish-uhs, nyoo-][nju'trɪʃəs] adj. 有营养的；滋养的

But the cow feeds the bacteria and in turn, the bacteria feed the cow.【译】但是奶牛养活了细菌，反过来，细菌也是奶牛生长必不可少的。【短语】in turn表示“依次；轮流地；相应地；转而”。如：(1) That in turn damages their health. 这反过来将损害他们的健康。(2) The children went on the bus in turn．孩子们依次上了公共汽车。另外，in turn还可表示“回报”，如： took Sally out to lunch，and she took me out in turn．我请了萨莉出去吃午餐，作为回报，她也请了我一次。【单词】feeds 原型：feed [feed][fiːd] vt. 喂养；饲养；靠 ... 为生；向 ... 提供

Most grazers have a system like that.【译】大多数食草动物都有这样的系统。【单词】grazers 原型：grazer [greyzr]['greɪzə] n. 吃草的动物

Bovines usually have multichambered stomachs while animals like horses have extra long intestines where this process takes place.【译】牛通常有多腔的胃，而像马这样的动物有超长的肠，消化的过程是在这些地方进行的。【短语】take place 表示“发生；举办”。如：The next meeting will take place on Thursday.【单词】Bovines 原型：bovine ['boh-vahyn, -vin]['bəʊvaɪn] n. 牛科动物【单词】multichambered [məltɪt'ʃeɪmbəd] 多室的【单词】extra ['ek-struh]['ekstrə] adj. 额外的【单词】intestines 原型：intestine [in-'tes-tin][ɪn'testɪn] n. 肠

This same process happens, to a lesser extent, in your gut too.【译】同样的过程也发生在人的肠道里，只不过从“量”上来说会少一些。【单词】lesser ['les-er]['lesə] adj. 较少的；较小的；次要的【单词】gut [guht][ɡʌt] n. 内脏；肠子

That's why fiber can make you gassy - you can't digest fiber (by definition) but some bacteria in your gut can.【译】这就是为什么膳食纤维会让人充满气体（肠道胀气），因为人不能消化纤维（顾名思义），但人肠道中的一些细菌却可以消化掉纤维。【单词】fiber ['fahy-ber]['faɪbə] n. 纤维(物质)【单词】gassy ['gas-ee]['ɡæsi] adj. 气体的；气状的；含气的

【单词】definition [def-uh-'nish-uh n][ˌdefɪ'nɪʃn] n. 定义；阐释

The same happens with lactose (Milk sugar).【译】乳糖（奶糖）也是如此。【单词】lactose ['lak-tohs]['læktəʊs] n. 乳糖【单词】sugar ['shoo g-er]['ʃʊɡə] n. 糖，食糖

When you do not produce enough enzymes to break them down as a grown up, then bacteria in your stomach will digest it and produce lots of byproducts.【译】当你长大后仍不能产生足够的酶来分解它们时，你胃里的细菌就会消化它，产生大量的副产品。【单词】enzymes 原型：enzyme ['en-zahym]['enzaɪm] n. 酶【单词】grown 原型：grow [groh][ɡrəʊ] v. 增加；生长；变成