关于蝙蝠的病毒的知识（双语常识蝙蝠与病毒）

Zoonoses are human diseases of animal origin. Bats world-wide harbour a greater proportion of viruses than several other groups of mammals. These viruses often don’t seem to harm the bats that carry them, which points to a long history of co-evolution. ‘Spillovers’ from bats to people either occur directly, through contact with infected bats or indirectly through intermediate hosts such as domestic animals or wildlife that have been contaminated by blood, saliva, urine or faeces of bats.

人畜共患病是起源于动物、人类可以感染的疾病。世界各地的蝙蝠比其他哺乳动物携带更多病毒。这些病毒通常似乎并不伤害携带它们的蝙蝠，可见病毒和蝙蝠经历了漫长的共同进化史。从蝙蝠到人类的传播要么通过接触感染的蝙蝠直接发生，要么通过中间宿主间接发生，中间宿主包括被蝙蝠的血液、唾液、尿液或粪便污染的家养或野生动物。

Outbreaks of such zoonotic diseases have increased in recent decades often as a result of bushmeat consumption as well as human encroachment into natural habitats involving deforestation and agricultural intensification. This article reviews some of the bat borne zoonotic viruses that have made the headlines in recent years, including Ebola, Marburg, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Hendra, Nipah, and Lyssavirus.

人畜共患病的暴发近几十年来有所增加，一个原因是对野生动物的捕食，另一个原因是人类通过砍伐森林和增加农业用地对自然栖息地的入侵。本文介绍一些近年来引人关注的蝙蝠携带的人畜共患病毒，包括埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒、SARS病毒、中东呼吸综合症病毒、亨德拉病毒、尼帕病毒和丽沙病毒。

Ebola埃博拉病毒

In late August 2007 information began to trickle in to health authorities on an unidentified illness in a remote area of the Kasai-Occidental Providence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The case reports listed a number of bad symptoms-fever, severe headache, vomiting, major abdominal pain, bloddy diarrhea, and severe dehydration. The first recognized cases were on June 8, following the funerals of two village chiefs. Tellingly, the entire first group of individuals infected had assisted with the burials. Researchers discovered that it was caused by the Ebola virus.

2007年8月末，刚果民主共和国卫生部门不断收到关于一种未知疾病的报告，这些病例发生在西开赛省普罗维登斯一个偏僻的小村庄。病例报告列了一系列严重的症状，包括发烧、严重头疼、呕吐、肚子疼、带血腹泻和严重脱水。第一批病例发现于6月8日，当时刚举行完两个村庄头领的葬礼。值得注意的是，第一批感染的人都曾在葬礼上帮过忙。研究人员发现这些病例是由埃博拉病毒引起的。

Ebola, is the most serious of these recently emerged zoonotic viruses, in terms of human mortality. Sporadic outbreaks of this haemorrhagic disease have been known for 40 years in isolated forest villages across central Africa. The outbreaks spread in waves, accounting for up to a few hundred deaths before abruptly dying out, often before public health authorities could respond. In the recent outbreak in West Africa, the virus had mutated to become more infectious and improved transport links meant that it soon entered towns and cities. Nearly 30,000 people were infected of whom over 11,000 died.

埃博拉是近年来出现的人畜共患病中致死率最高的一个。这种出血疾病在非洲中部与世隔绝的林中村不时暴发，已有40多年历史。病毒一波波传播，在突然消失前造成几百人死亡，公共卫生部门都来不及反应。最近一次在西非的暴发中，病毒变异得传染性更强，加上发达的交通网络，病毒很快传入了城镇。这次暴发共有近30000人被感染，其中11000人死亡。

It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts.

狐蝠科的果蝠是埃博拉病毒的天然宿主。

Marburg 马尔堡病毒

Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). Thirty-one people became ill, initially laboratory workers followed by several medical personnel and family members who had cared for them. Seven deaths were reported. The first people infected had been exposed to imported African green monkeys or their tissues while conducting research.

马尔堡病毒第一次被发现是在​1967年，当时在德国马尔堡和法兰克福、南斯拉夫（现在的塞尔维亚）贝尔格莱德的实验室中同时暴发一种叫出血热的病。共有32人生病，最初是实验室工作人员，接着是几个医护人员和照顾他们的家人。死亡7例。感染的第一个人在做研究时接触过进口非洲绿猴或它们的组织。

The reservoir host of Marburg virus is the African fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus. Fruit bats infected with Marburg virus do not to show obvious signs of illness. Primates (including humans) can become infected with Marburg virus, and may develop serious disease with high mortality.

马尔堡病毒的储主是非洲果蝠，埃及果蝠。感染了马尔堡病毒的果蝠没有明显的生病迹象。灵长类动物（包括人类）可以感染马尔堡病毒，从而染上致死率很高的严重疾病。

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 严重急性呼吸系统综合症

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV) first occurred in 2002 in China and spread throughout the world (thus becoming a pandemic) with over 8000 confirmed cases of which nearly 800 were fatal. Soon after the outbreak, the virus was found in masked palm civets and raccoon dogs in a market in Guangdong Province and it took some time before horseshoe bats were identified as the natural hosts, from which the virus had spilled over to the carnivores.

严重急性呼吸系统综合症（由SARS-CoV冠状病毒引起）于2002年在中国首次出现，继而传播到全世界（因而变成了全球性流行病），最终有8000多确诊病例，其中将近800人死亡。这次暴发后，在广东省一个市场的果子狸和狸身上发现了病毒，又过了一段时间才确定马蹄蝠是天然宿主，病毒从马蹄蝠传到了食肉动物身上。

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome 中东呼吸综合症

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (also caused by a coronavirus, MERS-CoV) was first reported on the Arabian peninsula in 2012, is spread mainly by human to human contact and has infected around 1200 people worldwide, about 450 of whom have died. Because a small fragment of viral DNA from an Egyptian tomb bat (Taphozous perforatus) was found to be identical with that from the first MERS patient, it was suspected that bats were the natural reservoirs, but that has not been substantiated, and no other bat has been found to carry MERS. Instead most human infections have been traced to close contact with dromedary camels.

中东呼吸综合症（也是由一种叫MERS-CoV的冠状病毒引起的）于2012年在阿拉伯半岛首次报道，主要通过人和人之间的接触传播，全世界有大约1200人感染，其中约450人死亡。因为发现埃及墓蝠身上的一小块病毒DNA片断与第一个MERS病人身上的相同，所以怀疑蝙蝠是MERS病毒的天然储主，但并没有证实，也没有发现其他蝙蝠携带MERS病毒。相反，多数感染的人都跟单峰驼有过近距离接触。

Hendra 亨德拉病毒

Hendra was first detected in Australia during an outbreak of infectious respiratory disease in horses and humans in 1994. There have been several subsequent spillovers resulting in seven human cases and four deaths. Pteropodid bats have been confirmed as reservoirs of the disease. Horses became infected when they grazed on pastures infected with bat urine and passed on the disease to those caring for them. However with appropriate horse husbandry, the disease has been contained.

亨德拉病毒于1994年在澳大利亚首次发现，当时在马和人身上暴发了传染性呼吸系统疾病。后续有几次传播，导致7人感染，4人死亡。翼足类蝙蝠已被证实是亨德拉病毒的储主。当马在被蝙蝠尿液感染的牧场上吃草时，它们会被感染，并把这种疾病传给照顾它们的人。然而，通过适当的马匹饲养管理，该疾病得到了控制。

Nipah 尼帕病毒

Nipah, was first isolated in 1998 in pigs and pig workers suffering from encephalitis in Malaysia, where 265 cases resulted in 105 deaths. Cessation of pig movements and culling over a million pigs brought the disease under control. The experience with Hendra soon led to fruit bats being identified as the source of infection, with pigs eating fallen fruit contaminated by bats.

尼帕病毒于1998年在马来西亚首次从患有脑炎的猪和养猪人员身上分离，这次共265人感染，其中105人死亡。停止生猪的流动和扑杀100多万头生猪使该病得到控制。因为有应对亨德拉病毒的经验，这次很快将果蝠确认为感染源，猪吃了被蝙蝠污染后掉落到地上的水果致病。

Since 2001 however human cases have occurred almost annually in Bangladesh and occasionally nearby in India, with higher fatality rates than in Malaysia and with a different route of infection. This occurs mainly by drinking palm sap infected with the virus by the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus). Preventing access by bats to the pots which collect the sap has reduced the infection rate.

然而，自2001年以来，孟加拉国几乎每年都发生人感染病例，邻近的印度偶尔也会发生人感染病例，致死率高于马来西亚，而且感染途径不同。人感染是因为饮用了被印度大狐蝠携带的病毒感染的棕榈汁。阻止蝙蝠接近收集棕榈汁的罐子降低了感染率。

Lyssavirus 丽沙病毒

In early July 2002 in Franklin County, Tennessee, a thirteen-year-old boy named Jeremy Watkins picked up a sickly bat on his way home from a day of fishing. None of the other family members handled it, and his stepfather wisely made him release the animal soon after Jeremy revealed his find.

2002年7月初，在美国田纳西州的富兰克林县，13岁男孩杰里米·沃特金斯钓完鱼回家，路上捡到一只生病的蝙蝠。杰里米把蝙蝠的事告诉大家后，家人都没有碰它，继父明智地让他把蝙蝠放了。

On August 21 Jeremy complained of headache and neck pain. Then a day or so later his right arm became numb and he developed diplopia, or double vision, and a constant, queasy confusion. Three days later he was taken to the local hospital's emergency room but was discharged with the incorrect diagnosis of "muscle strain". The next day he was back in the emergency room, this time with a fever of 102℉. He had the same symptoms, but now his speech was slurred, he had a stiff neck, and difficulty swallowing.

8月21号，杰里米说头疼、脖子疼。过了一两天，他的右胳膊变得麻木，眼前开始有重影，继而呕吐、意识模糊。三天后他被送到当地医院的急诊室，但被误诊为“肌肉拉伤”后出院。第二天他又回到了急诊室，这次发烧到102华氏度。他的症状跟之前相同，但这次他言语不清，脖子僵硬，吞咽困难。

At this point, Jeremy was transferred to a local children's hospital. By August 26 he could no longer breathe or think normally. He was also producing copious amounts of saliva. Highly agitaged to the point of being combative, Jeremy was sedated and put on life support. His mental status deteriorated rapidly and by the next morning he was completely unpresponsive. On August 31 Jeremy was pronounced brain-dead and following the withdrawal of life support, he died of bat-borne lyssavirus.

此时，杰里米被转到当地儿童医院。到8月26号，他已经不能正常呼吸和思考。他还口吐大量白沫、激动不已，医生只好给他服用镇静剂，使用生命支持系统。他的精神状态迅速恶化，到第二天早上他对外界完全失去反应。8月31号，杰里米被宣告脑死亡，之后撤走生命支持系统。他死于蝙蝠携带的丽沙病毒。

Lyssavirus causes rabies and the genus is rapidly growing, with 15 species currently recognised (including EBLV), all but two of which have been isolated from bats. The best known is classical rabies virus (RABV) which remains one of the most significant human zoonoses, killing tens of thousands of people each year in Africa and Asia following dog bites, according to the World Health Organisation. Vampire bat rabies, caused by the same virus species, is a major public health threat in Latin America.

丽沙病毒会导致狂犬病，而且该属中新发现的不同基因型的病毒数量正在迅速增加，目前已知有15种（包括EBLV）不同基因型的病毒，其中除了两种，其他都是从蝙蝠身上分离的。最著名的是经典狂犬病病毒（RABV），根据世界卫生组织的数据，它仍然是最重要的人类人畜共患病之一，每年在非洲和亚洲导致数万被狗咬过的人死亡。吸血蝙蝠狂犬病也是由同一种病毒RABV引起的，是对拉丁美洲公共卫生的主要威胁。

词汇与短语

1. domestic animals，家养动物。

2. saliva，[səˈlaɪvə]，n. 唾液。

3. dehydration，[ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪʃn]，n. 脱水。

4. in terms of something，从……方面，就……而言。

It's a mistake to think of Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions. 只从旅游景点来考虑佛罗里达是错误的。

5. spread，[spred]，v. 传播。

6. care for somebody/something，照顾某人/某事。

He thanked the nurses who had cared for him. 他感谢照顾过他的护士们。

7. expose somebody to something，让某人处于危险情况。

The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation. 报告显示，工人们受到过高水平的辐射。

8. rabies，[ˈreɪbiːz]，n. 狂犬病，恐水病。

英文来源

https://www.bats.org.uk/about-bats/bats-and-disease/bats-and-viruses

https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/index.html

https://www.who.int/health-topics/ebola/#tab=tab_1

The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age by Nathan Wolfe

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