宋代哥窑瓷器瓶（宋代哥窑双耳瓶）

哥窑是宋代五大名窑之一，它与汝、官、定、钧窑齐名，是为宫廷烧造御器的官窑。其产品历来珍贵，明代宣德时，宫廷藏品目录《宣德鼎彝谱》即有“内库所藏柴、汝、官、哥、定”的记载，清代乾隆皇帝更将哥窑瓷器视为珍品。现收藏于北京故宫博物院和台北故宫博物院的哥窑器，均为历代宫廷旧藏，加上其他流散于海内外的传世品，约计也只有300件左右。传世的“宋哥窑”与“宋官窑”一样，迄今未曾发现确切的窑址，既没有在文献《天工开物》记载的地区——浙江省龙泉县觅到遗址和残片，也不见于宋皇室陵寝的随葬品中。

(宋陵多早被盗，故历史上有无不详，此类情况与汝、官窑器相同)，故至今还难以从考古角度寻找科学的佐证材料。宋代哥窑瓷具有鲜明的时代特证，体现出了宋人那种喜好不事雕琢、追求清丽秀挺的审美风格。宋瓷本身非常讲究一种轻松灵动的美感，这是古人的尚玉精神在瓷器制作上的客观反映。 哥窑作品主要是陈设瓷，多仿古铜器形制，如贯耳瓶、兽耳炉、鼎式炉、葵口碗等。哥窑胎子非常坚密，呈深紫灰色，灰色或土黄色；釉色较多，有粉青、灰青、米黄等；施釉较薄，温润似玉，器表有一层不是很亮的酥油光，并有较大的黑色及较小的黄色开片，俗称金丝铁线。轻轻敲击哥窑的瓷胎，没有一般瓷胎的金石声，而是近于破碎的“噗噗”声。哥釉瓷的重要特征是釉面开片，这是发生在釉面上的一种自然开裂现象。开裂原本是瓷器烧制中的缺陷，后来人们掌握了开裂的规律，有意识地让它产生开片，从而产生了一种独特的美感。

宋代哥釉瓷釉质莹润，通体釉面被粗深或者细浅的两种纹线交织切割，术语叫作“冰裂纹”，俗称“金丝铁线”。哥窑瓷土脉微紫，质薄，有油灰色、米色、粉青色三种瓷釉彩，表面满裂纹。因为土质含铁量较高，烧胚时发生还原，瓷器胚呈紫黑铁色，瓷器没有涂釉的底部显现瓷胚本来的铁色，叫“铁足”，而釉彩较薄的口部呈紫色，叫“紫口”，俗称“紫口铁足”。一般来说，大器小开片者和小器大开片者颇为珍贵。由于哥釉瓷细致、精美，以后各代对它都有仿造。特别是到了清代，还出现了一个仿哥釉瓷的高潮。到了清朝后期，哥釉明显地不如清前期，颜色越来越深，开片越来越细碎，釉面甚至出现凹凸不平的疙瘩釉，胎质也变得疏松。哥窑器必须具有众所周知的“金丝铁线”、“紫口铁足”。前者是哥窑的与众不同的裂纹，大纹为“铁线”，有的显蓝，大纹中套的小纹为“金丝”，有的不一定显金黄，大纹小纹合称为“面圾破”，它应当是密而不疏，曲而不直；后者是哥窑显露的较为特殊的胎色，但两者往往如鱼与熊掌一样不可兼得。瓷胎满釉器有“紫品”而无铁足。铁足应当是胎质本身的无釉颜色。铁足如是人为施加的一种黑色釉，其真伪值得怀疑。主编哥窑属青瓷系列，釉色为青釉，浓淡不一，有粉青、月白、油灰、青黄等色，因窑变作用，釉色多显两种或两种以上的色泽，非人为主观意志所为。胎质有瓷胎和砂胎两种，少花纹，无年款。胎色有黑灰、深灰、杏黄、浅灰等。釉面不光洁，但有一层如酥油之光，釉质较深浊不清透，釉层厚薄不匀，蘸釉立烧之器，底足之釉最厚，有的可达4毫米。其烧造方法为裹足支钉烧或圈足垫饼烧，后者可明显见到所垫圆饼烧造的痕迹。哥窑的底足也颇为特别，其圈足底边狭窄平整，非宽厚凹凸，足之内墙深长，足之外墙浅短，难以用手指提拿起来。因其采用支钉的烧制方式，底部会留下明显的支烧痕迹，精品的存世量愈发稀少，还将具有很大的升值空间。

Ge Kiln is one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. It is as famous as Ru, Guan, Ding and Jun kilns. It is an official kiln that burns imperial wares for the imperial court. Its products have always been precious. When Xuande was in the Ming Dynasty, the imperial collection catalog "Xuande Dingyi Manual" recorded that "firewood, ru, official, brother and ding were stored in the internal storehouse". Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty regarded Ge kiln porcelain as a treasure. The Ge Kiln artifacts currently collected in the Beijing Palace Museum and the Taipei Palace Museum are all old collections of the imperial courts of previous dynasties, and together with other handed down artifacts scattered at home and abroad, there are only about 300 pieces. The "Song Ge Kiln" handed down from generation to generation, like the "Song Guan Kiln", has not yet found an exact kiln site. Neither the site nor the fragments were found in Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, the area recorded in the document "Tiangong Kaiwu", nor in the burial objects of the imperial tombs of the Song Dynasty. (Most Song tombs were stolen early, so it is unknown whether there is any such situation in history, which is the same as those of Ru and official kilns), so it is still difficult to find scientific evidence from the perspective of archaeology. The Ge Kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty has a distinctive time characteristic, which reflects the aesthetic style of the Song people who prefer not to carve and polish, and pursue the beautiful and beautiful. Song porcelain itself pays much attention to a relaxed and flexible aesthetic feeling, which is an objective reflection of the ancient jade worship spirit in porcelain production. Ge Kiln's works are mainly display porcelain, mostly in the shape of antique bronze ware, such as through ear bottles, animal ear stoves, tripod style stoves, kui mouth bowls, etc. The embryo of Ge Kiln is very hard, dark purple gray, gray or yellowish brown; There are many glaze colors, such as pink green, gray green, beige, etc; The glaze is thin and warm like jade. There is a layer of butter light that is not very bright on the surface, and there are larger black and smaller yellow pieces, commonly known as gold wire. Gently tap the porcelain body of Ge Kiln. There is no sound of gold and stone from the ordinary porcelain body, but a sound close to the broken "pop pop". The important feature of Ge glazed porcelain is the open glaze, which is a natural cracking phenomenon on the glaze. Cracking was originally a defect in porcelain firing. Later, people grasped the law of cracking and consciously made it open, thus creating a unique aesthetic feeling. The glaze of Ge glazed porcelain in the Song Dynasty was bright and smooth, and the whole glaze was cut by two kinds of lines, thick or thin. The term was "ice crack", commonly known as "gold wire". Ge Kiln porcelain clay is slightly purple in vein, thin in texture, and has three kinds of enamel colors: oil gray, beige, and pink cyan. The surface is full of cracks. Because of the high iron content of the soil, the reduction occurs when the embryo is burned. The porcelain embryo is purple black iron color. The bottom of the porcelain without glaze shows the original iron color of the porcelain embryo, which is called "iron foot". The mouth of the thinner glaze is purple, which is called "purple mouth", commonly known as "purple mouth iron foot". Generally speaking, those who have large objects and small pieces and those who have small objects and large pieces are very valuable. Because of its delicacy and delicacy, Ge glazed porcelain was imitated by later generations. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, there was a climax of imitating Ge glazed porcelain. In the late Qing Dynasty, Ge glaze was obviously inferior to that in the early Qing Dynasty, with darker and darker colors, more and more fine pieces, uneven lumps on the glaze surface, and loose texture. Ge kiln ware must have well-known "gold wire" and "purple mouth iron foot". The former is the distinctive crack of Ge Kiln. The large grain is called "iron wire", some appear blue, the small grain in the large grain is called "gold wire", some do not necessarily appear golden yellow, and the large grain and small grain are collectively called "face garbage breaking", which should be dense but not sparse, and curved but not straight; The latter is the special color of the embryo exposed by Ge Kiln, but they can't have both. Porcelain body full of glaze has "purple" without iron feet. The iron foot should be the unglazed color of the embryo itself. The iron foot is a kind of black glaze artificially imposed, and its authenticity is questionable. Ge Kiln, the editor in chief, belongs to the celadon series. The glaze color is celadon, with different s