天将降大任于斯人也最早文字记载 童年记忆被篡改

你还记得，上学时候的课本里孟子的《生于忧患，死于安乐》，其中的名句是“故天将降大任于‘斯’人也”，还是“故天将降大任于‘是’人也”？最近，这个话题引发了网友们的兴趣。

“斯人”还是“是人”

两大阵营势均力敌，有网友坚信自己学的是“斯人”，但也有网友拿出了实据：课本上明明写的是“是人”！

图源：微博

10月26日，上游新闻记者从人民教育出版社中学语文编辑部获悉，该出版社从1961年收录孟子的《生于忧患，死于安乐》课文以来，历套教材文章一直是“故天将降大任于是人也”，从未有过“故天将降大任于斯人也”，不过“斯”和“是”两个字，都表示“这”的意思。

广大网友纷纷表示疑惑，难道是记忆错乱了？为何许多网友出现“斯人”的群体记忆？有网友说，可能是受部分教辅和电视节目的影响：

也有网友指出，这种现象之所以出现，很有可能和曼德拉效应（The Mandela Effect）有关。

曼德拉效应是一种心理学效应，指的是大众对历史的集体记忆与史实不符。该效应的名字来源于人们对纳尔逊·曼德拉（Nelson Mandela）死亡时间的错误记忆。

图源：网络

The phrase is named for the purportedly widespread misconception that Nelson Mandela died in the 1980s while in prison. A phenomenon involving a large group of people all incorrectly remembering a past event or fact.

“视觉曼德拉”效应

曼德拉效应为越来越多的人所熟知，但其实还存在一种“视觉曼德拉（VME）”效应。一个来自芝加哥大学的心理学家团队就决定对此进行深入研究，一方面是为了证明这种效应是否真正存在，另一方面是去探寻视觉曼德拉效应发生的原因。

A team of psychologists from the University of Chicago – intrigued by the idea – decided to put it to some actual scientific rigor. As well as testing whether there really was an effect, they aimed to discover why visual Mandela effects (VME) occurred.

哪一个是真正的《蒙娜丽莎》？ 图源：推特

在第一个实验中，参与者被要求浏览一些关于商标、角色或者吉祥物的图片，其中就包括被认为是曼德拉效应的经典案例及对照组。在这些图片中，除了真实的图片版本，还有一些存在不同的“错误版本”，它们都和真实图片极为相似。

In their first experiment , participants were asked to look at images of a logo, character, or mascot, including popular examples of the Mandela Effect and others that had been added as controls. As well as the original "real" version of the image, they included several other versions with mistakes on them, made to fit in with the original design as much as possible.

图源：IFLScience

参与者需要从中选出他们认为是正确的图片，评估他们对选择的确信程度，估计自己看过图片的次数。只有在该图片总是被选错，参与者对自己的选择很有信心，且相同的错误图像始终被选择时，该图片才会被视作一个潜在的“视觉曼德拉”图像。

The participants were asked to select the image they believed to be the original, as well as rate how confident they were that it was correct, and estimate the number of times they had seen it. The image was only considered to be a potential VME if it was consistently misremembered, people were confident about their choice, and the same wrong image was consistently selected.

图源：IFLScience

实验结果表明，有多张照片被认为存在明显的“视觉曼德拉效应”，一些有特定错误的版本被错误识别为原始图像。

These results indicate that these images had not only accuracies below chance, but also specific incorrect versions that were falsely recognized as the original.

有趣的是，在那些使用了互联网上广为流传的曼德拉效应例子的问题中，人们选择普遍误记的图片比例比原图高得多。

Interestingly, in the questions which used examples of the Mandela Effect popularly cited on the Internet, the popularly misremembered image was selected "a significantly higher proportion" of the time than the original.

即使在被展示过正确图像后，当参与者被要求回忆他们所看到的图像信息，在正确和错误版本中选择时，“视觉曼德拉效应”图像的选择率仍高于正确版本。

在另一个实验中，参与者需要基于他们的印象画出一些标志以及经典角色，结果，许多人画出的皮卡丘的尾巴末端仍是带黑色的。

In another experiment, participants were asked to draw the logos and characters, and still reproduced Pikachu with a black tail.

图源：网络

一个可能解释人们为什么会犯同样错误的想法是“图式理论”（schema theory）。该理论认为，面对缺失的信息或者是记忆中的模糊部分，人们会倾向于运用期望和联想的信息来进行润色与补充。

One idea that might explain why people are making the same mistakes is "schema theory" which suggests that people fill in missing information with information based on our expectations and associations.

你记忆里，学过的是天将降大任于“斯人”还是“是人”呢？

编辑：朱迪齐

实习生：石铭宇

来源：IFLScience 中国日报

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