高考英语单词语法知识点（高考英语语法部分）

语法部分　语法专题讲析专题一　名词，今天小编就来聊一聊关于高考英语单词语法知识点?接下来我们就一起去研究一下吧!

高考英语单词语法知识点

语法部分　语法专题讲析

专题一　名词

名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，有专有名词和普通名词之分，还有可数名词与不可数名词之分。

考点一　可数名词的单复数

1. 规则名词的六种复数变化形式

变化规则		例词
一般情况下	在词尾直接加s	mouth→mouths
以s, x, ch，sh 结尾的名词	在词尾加es	glass→glasses match→matches
以辅音字母＋ y结尾的名词	变y为i再加es	country→countries factory→factories
以元音字母＋ 以o结尾的名词	一般在词尾加s	photo→photos
有些在词尾加es	potato→potatoes
以f, fe结 尾的名词	一般要变f或 fe为v再加es	self→selves life→lives
	少数直接加s	belief→beliefs

[名师点津]　个别与规则有出入的的单词：stomach→stomachs；mosquito→mosquitos/mosquitoes；volcano→volcanos/volcanoes；handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves；scarf→scarfs/scarves

2. 可数名词复数的三种不规则变化形式

变化规则	例词
单复数同形	deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish
变内部元音	foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice, man→men, woman→women
外来名词不 规则变化	medium→media，phenomenon→ phenomena，analysis→analyses

[名师点津]　fish意为“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，fish意为“鱼”时，为可数名词。表示“鱼的条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同，但表示“鱼的种类”时，其复数形式为fishes。

3. 合成名词复数的两类变化形式

(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。如passer­by→passers­by, sister­in­law→sisters­in­law, grown­up→grown­ups。

(2)“man/woman＋n. ”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如women engineers。

[活学巧练]　单句语法填空

①[2021·山东日照模拟]And it evaluates how well you combine your listening，reading，speaking and writing ________(skill) to perform academic tasks.

②[2021·山东临沂一模]In China，I always spend the Spring Festival with Chinese ________(family)，eating dumplings，laughing and joking.

③[2021·贵州贵阳模拟]I suddenly regretted that we had no ________(photo) from this vacation together.

答案：①skills　②families　③photos

考点二　不可数名词

1. 常见的不可数名词

一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。

通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk，music，homework，housework，weather，news，butter，information，bread，advice，progress，orange(橙汁)，equipment，meat，fun，luggage，luck，work(工作)，traffic，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room(空间)，man(人类)等。

[名师点津]　word意为“消息”、room意为“空间”、man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。

2. 抽象名词的具体化

具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：

单词	抽象意义	具体化意义
success	成功	成功的人或事
pleasure	乐趣	令人高兴的事
attraction	吸引	有吸引力的人或事物
beauty	美；美丽	美丽的人或美好的事物
comfort	安慰；慰藉	令人感到慰藉的人或事物
danger	危险	危险的人或因素
delight	高兴	令人高兴的事
failure	失败	失败的人或事物
surprise	惊奇	令人惊奇的事情
shock	震惊	令人震惊的事情
pride	骄傲	令人骄傲的事情

考点三　名词的构词法

1. 动词变名词的后缀

后缀	例词
­ion/­tion/ ­sion/­ation	correct→correction改正 celebrate→celebration庆祝；庆祝会 attract→attraction吸引 conclude→conclusion结论；结束 discuss→discussion讨论；辩论 decide→decision决定 admit→admission接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation邀请 explain→explanation解释 graduate→graduation毕业 expect→expectation期望
­er/­or	drive→driver司机；驾驶员 gather→gatherer收集者；采集者 teach→teacher老师 announce→announcer 广播员 conduct→conductor指挥；售票员
­ment	punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement功绩；成就 argue→argument辩论；论据 treat→treatment对待；治疗 equip→equipment装备；设备 govern→government政府
­ance/ ­ence	appear→appearance出现；外貌 guide→guidance指引；指导 perform→performance表演；节目 exist→existence存在；生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考；查阅
­ing	hear→hearing听力；听觉 begin→beginning开始
­ure/­ture	fail→failure失败；倒闭 press→pressure压力 depart→departure离开；出发 mix→mixture混合；混合物
­y	recover→recovery恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery发现
其他	choose→choice选择 vary→variety多样化；种类 tend→tendency趋向；趋势

2. 形容词变名词的后缀

后缀	例词
­age	short→shortage不足；短缺
­cy	efficient→efficiency效率；功效 fluent→fluency流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私；私密
­dom	free→freedom自由；自主 wise→wisdom明智；智慧
­ence	different→difference差异 silent→silence沉默
­ness	weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness粗心大意
­th	strong→strength力气；强项 warm→warmth温暖；热情
­y/­ty/­ity	honest→honesty诚实 difficult→difficulty困难 cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴 safe→safety安全 disable→disability无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility责任

[活学巧练]　单句语法填空

①[2021·河北百校联盟联考]It is believed that upper­class Victorians in England invented the table tennis in the 1880s，using whatever they could find as ________(equip).

②[2021·天津市滨海七所重点学校高三联考]Winning ________(recognize) in the international market, China's high­quality products have brought us a good profit.

③[2021·河南洛阳一中模拟]Doctors expect him to make a full ________(recover).

答案：①equipment　②recognition　③recovery

在语法填空题中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类变换。

[典题试做]

单句语法填空

1. [2020·全国卷Ⅰ]The far side of the moon is of particular ________(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山), more so than the familiar near side.

2. [2020·全国卷Ⅰ]Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with ________(chopstick).

3. [2020·全国卷Ⅱ]Chinese New Year is a ________(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.

4. [2020·江苏卷]The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ____________(transform).

5. [2020·浙江卷]Later, they learned to work with the ________(season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.

6. [2019·全国卷Ⅰ]In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ________(believe) that populations are increasing.

答案：1. interest　2. chopsticks　3. celebration　4. transformation

5. seasons　6. belief

[高效演练]

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. [2021·河北保定摸底考试]Bringing together Western Medicine and TCM, rather than being in ________(compete), is where the potential for great effects lies.

2. [2021·海南儋州一次统测]By the time of his ________(die), he was the best­selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold in the world.

3. [2021·湖北重点高中联考]How can students manage ________(anxious) and stress during exam time and still get the grades they need?

4. [2021·吉林一次调研]Different stages of sleep actually give you different types of brain and body ________(benefit).

5. After a long ________(argue), we decided when to leave.

6. It is your ________(free) to do what you want after class.

7. They were the kind that I did not have in my ________(collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag.

8. For sustainable development，the government has decided to give ________(prefer) to those energy­conserving and environment­friendly businesses in many aspects.

答案：1. competition　2. death　3. anxiety　4. benefits

5. argument　6. freedom　7. collection　8. preference

Ⅱ. 语法填空(名词专练)

It was late at night. Two 1. ________(German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly one of them，Mrs Green，was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three 2. ________(thousand) dollars in her pocket. “What should I do？Many 3. ________(thief) usually bring 4. ________(knife) with them，”she thought in 5. ________(silent). And at the same time the thief happened to touch a 6. ________(sport) suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room，so he went out to the next room where two 7. ________(Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8. ________(money) or some 9. ________(jewel) in the next room，

Mrs Green woke up her husband quickly and called the 10. ________(police). And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away，the police caught him. For Mrs Green，it was really an unusual experience.

答案：1. Germans　2. thousand　3. thieves　4. knives

5. silence　6. sports　7. Frenchmen　8. money　9. jewels/jewelry　10. police

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