切尔诺贝利核事故处置经验（什么搭导致了切尔诺贝利核事故）

前段时间大热的HBO剧集《切尔诺贝利》为乌克兰带来了商机该国总统泽连斯基近日宣称，乌克兰政府计划将该禁区开发成为广受游客欢迎的旅游景点多名乌克兰专业人士都对此表达了担忧那么你会想要去这样一个地方旅游吗？，今天小编就来聊一聊关于切尔诺贝利核事故处置经验?接下来我们就一起去研究一下吧!

切尔诺贝利核事故处置经验

前段时间大热的HBO剧集《切尔诺贝利》为乌克兰带来了商机。该国总统泽连斯基近日宣称，乌克兰政府计划将该禁区开发成为广受游客欢迎的旅游景点。多名乌克兰专业人士都对此表达了担忧。那么你会想要去这样一个地方旅游吗？

Chernobyl is a city in the Ukraine located about 56 miles (90 kilometers) northeast of the capital, Kiev.

切尔诺贝利是乌克兰的一个城市，位于首都基辅东北方向约56英里(90公里)。

Prior to the disaster and a subsequent evacuation, it was home to around 14,000 people.

在遭受灾难、人员疏散之前，这里曾是14000人的家园。

At that time, it was still part of the Soviet Union.

那时，它还是苏联的一部分。

The city was the location of the first ever nuclear power station to be built in Ukraine, but on the 26th of April, 1986, disaster struck when Reactor No. 4 exploded.

这座城市是乌克兰历史上第一座核电站的所在地，但是在1986年4月26日，当4号反应堆爆炸时，灾难降临了。

The town is still home to around 690 people, although it's now somewhat of a ghost town, with animals occupying many abandoned buildings.

目前该镇仍有约690人居住，虽然现在有点像鬼城，有许多动物占据在废弃的建筑中。

Most of the residents live about 19 miles (30km) from the disaster site in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, and surprisingly, international tourists flock to the area.

大多数居民住在切尔诺贝利隔离区，距离灾区19英里(30公里)的地方，令人惊讶的是，国际游客蜂拥而至。

But what exactly happened in Chernobyl?

那么切尔诺贝利到底发生了什么？

That's what we'll find out today, in this episode of the Infographics Show, What Caused the Catastrophic Nuclear Accident in Chernobyl?

这就是我们今天将会在这一集的信息图表节目中看到的，切尔诺贝利灾难性核事故的原因是什么呢？

As CNN reported in 2016, if you visit Chernobyl now as a tourist, you'll be taken on a strict guided tour of what was once a busy, if not small, city.

正如CNN在2016年报道的那样，如果你现在以游客的身份参观切尔诺贝利，你将会在导游严格的指引下，参观曾经很繁华的小城镇。

Photographs show a place that has been frozen and overgrown, a kind of spooky remnant of a town where people once lived and worked, and where kids played on the now unused ferris wheel.

照片显示了这个被遗弃、杂草丛生的地方，这是一个人们曾生活和工作的小镇的幽灵遗迹，现在已经见不到孩子们在摩天轮上玩耍。

The explosion at the nuclear plant is rated as the worst nuclear disaster in the history of the world.

这次核电站爆炸被评为世界历史上最严重的核灾难。

Radioactive dust was sent far and wide, transported by winds as far as Sweden.

放射性尘埃被风吹到很远的地方，甚至吹到了瑞典。

The number of deaths directly related to the initial explosion is thought to be about 31, although the WHO reports that a further 50 deaths happened later, as a result of massive exposure of radiation on the day.

据称爆炸导致的直接死亡人数约为31人，但世界卫生组织报告说之后又有50人死亡，是由于当天有大量的辐射外泄导致的。

These deaths were mostly workers and rescue workers.

这些死者大多是工人和救援人员。

Two people died as a result of injuries suffered because of the blast of the explosion.

爆炸的冲击波造成两人受伤，并致死。

The WHO further states that around 4,000 deaths in total can be attributed to radiation exposure, because of the event.

世界卫生组织进一步指出，该事件造成了，共约4000人死于核辐射。

On the day of the disaster, thousands of people were exposed to high levels of radiation, with the WHO saying these people are at high risk of having cancer in their lifetime.

灾难发生当天，数以千计的人暴露在强辐射下，世卫组织表示，这些人一生中患癌症的风险很高。

Even the millions of people that lived miles away from the site in other parts of the then Soviet Union, were exposed to low levels of radionuclides ( or atoms that contain excess nuclear energy), and they too are more at risk, regarding cancer.

甚至在当时的苏联其他地区，居住在离现场数英里之外的数百万人，也暴露于低强度的放射性核素下(或含有过量核能的原子)，他们也面临着患癌症的风险。

On top of that, many of those displaced suffered financially and psychologically, especially because some were never given sufficient information, regarding the danger they had been exposed to.

最重要的是，许多流离失所的人在经济和心理上都遭受了痛苦，主要是因为那些人从来不清楚他们所触及到的环境，究竟有多危险。

According to recent reports, areas at least 19 miles (30 km) away from the accident site, are mostly radiation free, although some lakes and forestland are no-go areas or are at least restricted to the public.

根据最近的报告显示，距离事故现场至少19英里(30公里)的地区，大部分都还未被辐射污染，只有一些湖泊和林地是禁区，或者至少不对公众开放。

"In most areas the problems are economic and psychological, not health or environmental," said Dr. Mikhail Balonov, a radiation expert and the scientific secretary of the Chernobyl Forum.

"在大多数地区，主要问题是经济和心理上的，而不是健康或环境上的。"辐射专家兼切尔诺贝利论坛科学秘书Mikhail Balonov博士这样说道。

So yes, this is now a tourist spot for those who want to see what a ghost town looks like.

没错，对于那些想看鬼城是什么样子的人来说，这里现在成了一个旅游景点。

We looked at blogs written by travelers who have visited the exclusion zone.

我们查看了参观过禁区的旅行者写的博客。

One of them wrote that when she was invited, she thought it was a joke, thinking like many people that visiting such a place was too dangerous.

其中一个人写道，当她受邀时，她认为这是一个玩笑，像许多人一样认为参观这样一个地方太危险了。

She wrote that in the absence of people, the area has once again become home, to wandering bears, wild horse, deer, foxes, wolves… and dogs, lots of stray dogs.

她写道，在没有人的现状下，这个地区又一次成为了居所，有流浪熊，野马，鹿，狐狸，狼……还有狗，很多很多的流浪狗。

While you are told not to touch things, or eat or drink while on the tour, the radiation levels are checked by your guide throughout the visit.

你在旅行中会被告知不要触摸，吃或者喝东西，在整个参观过程中，导游都会检查辐射强度。

"I felt like I was walking through a horror themed park,"she said of an abandoned kindergarten, saying dolls were still hanging around.

她在谈到一所废弃的幼儿园时说，"我感觉自己像是走在一个恐怖主题的公园里。"洋娃娃还四散在那里。

Anyway, you get the picture, let's now talk about what happened on that fateful day.

不管怎样，你大概懂的吧，现在让我们谈谈在那决定性的一天到底发生了什么。

Ok, so according to the World Nuclear Association, this is how it went down.

那么根据世界核协会的描述，事情就是这样的。

We will try and explain it as clearly as we can, because it's not all that simple if you don't work as a nuclear power engineer.

我们会尽量解释清楚，因为你们不是核动力工程师，事情并不是那么简单。

The workers at Chernobyl reactor 4 were performing a test, to see if the turbines could provide enough energy to keep the coolant pumps running if there was a loss of power, and if they could keep them running until the emergency diesel generator kicked in.

切尔诺贝利4号反应堆的工人正在进行测试，为了了解汽轮机是否能提供足够的能量来保持冷却泵在断电的情况下运行，看看它们是否能持续运转到紧急柴油发电机启动。

They'd done this test before, but the tests had been unsuccessful.

他们曾做过这个测试，但测试并没有成功。

They turned down the reactor to 25 percent of its capacity, but a problem arose when the power plummeted to one percent.

他们把反应堆的电量降到了25%，但当电力骤降到百分之一时，问题出现了。

They then tried to increase the power, but what ensued was a massive power surge.

然后他们试图增加电力，但随之而来的是突发的电力激增。

The reactor's emergency shutdown failed.

反应堆的紧急关闭失败了。

One engineer had wanted to abort the test but was told by a senior to carry on.

一位工程师本想中止测试，但另一位高级工程师命令继续进行。

The reactor then became even more unstable.

然后反应堆变得更加不稳定。

This caused considerable pressure, and according to one step-by-step report one engineer witnessed, "the 1.5 ton (350 kg) blocks atop the fuel channels of the Upper Biological Shield began jumping up and down, and you could feel the shock waves through the building structure".

这造成了相当大的压力，根据一位工程师的详细见证报告描述，"上部生物盾的燃料通道上方的1。5吨(350公斤)块体开始上下跳跃，你可以通过建筑结构感受到冲击波。"

What did he do then?

然后他做了什么？

Of course, he ran for it, down a series of steps to report what he had seen to others.

当然，他跑了，边跑边向别人报告他所看到的。

The pumps failed, there was no water flow, and the reactor started to make loud noises.

泵出现了故障，水不再流动，反应堆开始发出巨大的噪音。

As another website tells us about the sudden increase in power, "A peculiarity of the design of the control rods caused a dramatic power surge as they were inserted into the reactor".

正如另一个网站上告诉我们的那样，电力开始突增，"控制棒的一个设计独特之处在于，当它们被插入反应堆时，会引起巨大的功率激增。"

Hot fuel combined with cool water, created a mass of steam that couldn't escape and caused lots of pressure.

热的燃料和冷水结合在一起，产生了大量无法逃逸的蒸汽，造成了巨大的压力。

This lifted a 1,000-ton lid and here we have the start of the radiation leak.

这导致一个1000吨重的盖子被掀开，于是出现了核泄漏。

Air got into the reactor and caused a graphite fire.

空气进入反应堆，导致石墨起火。

A second explosion happened when hydrogen was formed by hot water steam contacting zirconium.

当过热的水蒸汽接触锆形成氢气时，发生了二次爆炸。

This was a much bigger explosion than the first, and it threw debris everywhere.

这比第一次爆炸严重得多，而且到处都是碎片。

Power went out, except for battery-powered lighting.

除了电池供电的照明，其余电力全部被切断。

The air was filled with dust.

空气中充满了灰尘。

One man died, and his body was encased in all the debris.

一名男子死亡，他的身体完全被碎片包裹。

Burning fuel started fires everywhere and radiation was cast into the atmosphere.

燃烧的燃料引发了火灾，辐射被带入大气层。

All the internal phone lines went down, and workers fled from the scene.

所有的内线电话都切断了，工人们逃离了现场。

Firefighters arrived, apparently unaware of the danger they were in due to the radiation leak.

消防员赶到了，但他们显然没有意识到核泄漏所产生的危险。

One even joked about it, saying, "There must be an incredible amount of radiation here, We'll be lucky if we're all still alive in the morning".

有人甚至拿它开玩笑，说道，"这里一定有令人难以置信的辐射量，如果我们早上醒来还活着的话，真的很幸运了。"

He was kidding, but he wasn't far off.

他的确在开玩笑，但并不是空穴来风。

As one woman explained, the next day she found out there had been a fire, but the kids still played, they went to school, people still milled around in the street, even though she said, "All the roads were covered in water and some white liquid. Everything was white, foamy".

正如一位女士解释的那样，第二天她发现了有火灾发生，但孩子们还在玩耍，他们还去了学校，人们还在街上闲逛，尽管她说，"所有的道路都被水和一些白色液体所覆盖。一切都是白色的泡沫。"

She added that she wasn't told about the danger of radiation, stating,"About radiation, that radioactivity was escaping, there was not a word".

她补充道，她没有得到通知有核辐射的危险，她说，"核放射性元素正在蔓延，但没有人提到一个字。"

The reactor was filled with water, but then flooding was a problem.

反应堆充满了水，随后的水泄又是一个问题。

After that, for days, thousands of tons of clay, sand, boron, and dolomite, were dropped by helicopter into the burning reactor to quell the fire, but also to try and prevent the spread of radiation.

在那之后的几天里，成千上万吨的粘土，沙子，硼和白云石，被直升机抛进燃烧的反应堆中以扑灭大火，并试图阻止辐射的扩散。

For 10 days, a large amount of radioactive substances pervaded the air, most of it falling as dust into nearby areas, but smaller particles spread far and wide carried by the wind.

连续十天，空气中弥漫着大量的放射性物质，大部分以尘埃的形式散落到附近地区，但小颗粒在风的作用下传播得更远。

We all know what happened next.

我们都知道接下来要发生什么。

We should add that there are numerous scientific theories as to exactly what happened that day, and this is just a basic summary of the most widely held belief.

我们应该补充一下，关于那天到底发生了什么，有很多科学理论，这只是对最广为人知的理论的基本总结。

Hopefully, something like this never happens again.

希望这样的事情不会再发生。

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