大学物理电学基础知识（今日分享十六如何学好大学物理）

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Today Xiaobian brings you today's sharing (eleven), welcome your visit!

静电场

电荷的量子化：任何带电体所带电量是最小电量单元的整数倍q=±ne，(n=1、2、3......)

Quantization of charge: The amount of Electricity carried by any charged body is an integer multiple of the minimum charge unit q= ±ne, (n = 1, 2, 3......)

电荷守恒定律：在与外界没有电荷交换的系统内，无论进行怎样的过程，系统内正负电荷量的代数和保持不变

Law of Conservation of Charge: In a system without charge exchange with the outside world, the algebraic sum of the positive and negative charge amounts in the system remains constant regardless of the process

库仑定律：只适用于真空中的点电荷

Coulomb's law: Applies only to point charges in a vacuum

电场基本性质：

1、电场对放入电场中的任何电荷都有作用力

2、电场力对电场中移动的电荷做功

Basic properties of electric fields:

1. The electric field has a force on any charge put into the electric field

2. The electric field force works on the electric charge moving in the electric field

电场强度：描述电场的强弱和方向。把一个试探电荷放入电场，判断电荷所受的电场力，电场力与电荷电量的比值。大小等于单位电荷在该点的受力大小，方向为正电荷在该点受力的方向

E=F/q

Electric Field Strength: Describes the strength and direction of the electric field. Put a tentative charge into the electric field and determine the electric field force to which the charge is subjected, and the ratio of the electric field force to the charge charge. The size is equal to the magnitude of the force per unit charge at that point, and the direction is the direction in which the positive charge is forced at that point

E=F/q

场强叠加原理（Principle of field strength superposition）：

电场强度通量（Electric field strength flux）：

高斯定理：可计算具有对称性的电场的电场强度

Gauss's theorem: The electric field intensity of an electric field with symmetry can be calculated

电势能：反应的是一个电荷与电场共同组成的系统的性质

W=∫qEdl

Electric Potential Energy: It reflects the properties of a system of charge and electric field

W=∫qEdl

电势：反映电场本身的性质，与电荷无关，所以表达式里无q.

V=∫Edl

Potential: Reflects the properties of the electric field itself and has nothing to do with the charge, so there is no q in the expression.

V=∫Edl

静电场中的导体和电解质

自由电子：导体内可自由移动的电子

Free electrons: Freely movable electrons in the conductor

静电平衡：导体上没有电荷作宏观定向运动的状态

Electrostatic equilibrium: there is no charge on the conductor for macroscopic directional motion

静电平衡条件：导体内场强处处为0

Electrostatic equilibrium conditions: the conductor's internal field strength is 0 everywhere

电介质的极化：外电场作用下，电介质显示电性的现象。一般情形下，未经电场作用的电介质内部的正负束缚电荷平均说来处处抵消，宏观上并不显示电性。

Polarization of the dielectric: Under the action of the external electric field, the dielectric shows the phenomenon of electrical properties. In general, the positive and negative bound charges inside the dielectric without the action of the electric field are offset on average, and the macroscopic level does not show electrical properties.

极化：在外电场的作用下，束缚电荷的局部移动导致宏观上显示出电性，在电介质的表面和内部不均匀的地方出现电荷，出现的电荷称为极化电荷。充满电介质的电容器比真空电容器的电容大就是由于电介质的极化作用。

Polarization: Under the action of the external electric field, the local movement of the bound charge causes the macroscopic display of electricity, and the charge appears on the surface and internal unevenness of the dielectric, and the charge that appears is called the polarized charge. The larger capacitance of a dielectric-filled capacitor than a vacuum capacitor is due to the polarization of the dielectric.

电位移矢量：是一个用以描述电场的辅助物理量，用符号D表示。

Electric displacement vector: is an auxiliary physical quantity used to describe the electric field, denoted by the symbol D.

定义式为：D=ε0E P

The definition is: D=ε0E P

电容器的电容：C=Q/U

The capacitance of the capacitor: C=Q/U

电场的能量：是电场所具有的能量，等于电场能量密度对电场所处空间的积分。

The energy of the electric field: it is the energy of the electric field, which is equal to the integral of the energy density of the electric field to the space at the electric field.

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