高考英语阅读理解15种题型（高考英语阅读理解之细节理解题命题特征及解题方法初探）

一、考纲解读

文章细节是归纳概括文章主旨大意的基础，细节理解题是高考阅读理解题中非常重要的一种题型，这种题针对原文的具体内容进行提问，主要考查考生对阅读材料中某一特定的细节、文章的主要事实或个别语句的理解能力。

考生应该具备从文章中提取诸如数字、时间、地点、人物、事件及事件发生的起因、过程、方式、结果等细节信息，并能够理解概念性信息。

这些信息有的可直接从文中获取，有的则需要进行简单的归纳。细节理解题可分为直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题三类。

二、细节理解题的命题特征

细节理解题的命题方式一般是特殊疑问句形式，有时也会出现填空题来完成句子，还会有数字询问和按事件发生的先后顺序排序的题目。细节理解题的选项设置有以下特征：

正确选项的特征

干扰项的特征

直接细节理解题考例分析

直接细节理解题即事实认定类细节题，解答此类题，考生只需要从阅读材料中直接获取信息，正确选项与原文表述没有变化。

【例1】（2020年全国Ⅰ卷阅读A选段）

Train Information

All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call i3 12 30. While Qeensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services. （paragraph 1)

21. What would you do to get ticket information?

A. Call 13 16 17

B. Visit translink.com.au.

B. Ask at the local station

D. Check the train achedule

【例2】（2019年全国Ⅰ卷阅读A选段）

Summer Company

Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $ 3,000 to start and run their own summer business.

Who is eligible: Students aged 15—29, returning to school in the fall.（part 3）

21. What is special about Summer Company?

A. It requires no training before employment.

B. It provides awards for running new businesses.

C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.

D. It offers more summer job opportunities.

间接细节理解题考例分析

【例1】（2020.全国卷Ⅲ）Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."

Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?

A. They could walk on stilts all day.

B. They had a superb way of fishing.

C. They could stay long underwater.

D. They lived on both land and water.

【例2】（2017.全国卷Ⅲ）

The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary­eyed audience wanting to say good­bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.

Why was The Last Picture Show put on?

A．It was an all­time classic.

B．It was about the history of the town.

C．The audience requested it.

D．The theater owner found it suitable.

【例3】（2015全国卷Ⅰ）The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say ”sunshine.” I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C), thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air. I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part---particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables---was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake- up call.

...I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.

24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York?

A. Exciting

B. Boring

C. Relaxing

D. Annoying

25. What made the author’s getting up early worthwhile?

A. Having a swim

B. Breathing in fresh air

C. Walking in the morning sun

D. Visiting a local farmers-market

综合细节理解题考例分析

综合细节题要求考生在原文中找到相关信息，然后归纳文中的信息，进行综合考虑。事件排序和数字计算属于综合细节题。数字计算题要求考生在原文中找到相关数字的信息，再对相关数字进行分析，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，最终确定答案。

【考例1】（2018年全国Ⅰ卷阅读C选段）

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by smaller numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,ooo; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number（中位数）of speakers is mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. (paragraph 3)

30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?

A. About 6,800.

B. About 3,400.

C. About 2,400

D. About 1,200.

【例2】2017年全国I卷

A build-it-yourself solar still (蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5×5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?

A. It’s delicate

B. It’s expensive.

C. It’s complex.

D. It’s portable.

(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)

My Favourite Books

Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co­author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.

Matilda

Roald Dahl

I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they're also aspirational.

After Dark

Haruki Murakami

It's about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student . In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people”who are hiding secrets.

Gone Girl

Gillian Flynn

There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did but the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realize what's going on is horribly enjoyable.

The Stand

Stephen King

This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了作家 Jo Usmar最喜欢的书籍。

1．Who does“I”refer to in the text?

A．Stephen King.

B．Gillian Flynn.

C．Jo Usmar.

D．Roald Dahl.

2．Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?

A．Cosmopolitan.

B．Matilda.

C．After Dark.

D．The Stand.

3．What kind of book is Gone Girl?

A．A folk tale.

B．A biography.

C．A love story.

D．A horror story.

,