科学史期刊1987（科学20220520出版一周论文导读）

编译 | 冯维维

Science, 20 MAY 2022, VOL 376, ISSUE 6595

《科学》2022年5月20日，第376卷，6595期

物理学Physics

All topological bands of all nonmagnetic stoichiometric materials

非磁性化学计量材料的拓扑带

▲ 作者：MAIA G. VERGNIORY, BENJAMIN J. WIEDER, LUIS ELCOROSTUART, S. P. PARKIN, NICOLAS REGNAULT, et.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg9094

▲ 摘要：

拓扑上的非平凡材料曾经被认为是例外而非规律。最近，高通量计算表明，更多的材料比最初认为的具有拓扑性。作者将这种方法扩展到包括无机晶体结构数据库中所有可处理的条目，研究了材料在费米能量和远离费米能量时的能带结构。他们发现，几乎88%的材料至少有一个拓扑带。

▲ Abstract：

Topologically nontrivial materials were once thought to be the exception rather than the rule. More recently, high-throughput computations have shown that many more materials are topological than was initially thought. Vergniory et al. expanded this approach to include all processable entries in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database and studied the materials’ band structure both at and away from Fermi energy. The researchers found that almost 88% of these materials had at least one topological band.

Enhanced charge density wave coherence in a light-quenched, high-temperature superconductor

光淬高温超导体中电荷密度波的一致性增强

▲ 作者：S. WANDEL, F. BOSCHINI, E. H. DA SILVA NETO, L. SHEN, M. X. NA, S. ZOHARY. WANG, M. H. SEABERG , G. COSLOVICH

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd7213

▲ 摘要：

电荷密度波（CDW）阶，即电子密度的空间调制，与氧化铜超导体中的超导性存在竞争关系。这种理解很大程度上来自于平衡实验，而对该序列相互作用的动力学研究较少。

作者利用超快激光脉冲快速猝灭YBa2Cu3O6 x超导体样品中的超导性，暂时增强了CDW顺序。这一过程增加了CDW顺序的相关长度，表明超导性稳定了CDW缺陷，这些缺陷通过抑制超导性被消除。

▲ Abstract：

Charge-density wave (CDW) order, the spatial modulation of electronic density, is known to compete with superconductivity in copper oxide superconductors. This understanding comes largely from equilibrium experiments, and the dynamics of the interplay of these orders are less explored. Wandel et al. use ultrafast laser pulses to quickly quench superconductivity in samples of the YBa2Cu3O6 x superconductor, which temporarily enhanced the CDW order. The process increased the correlation length of the CDW order, suggesting that superconductivity stabilizes CDW defects that are removed by suppressing superconductivity.

地球物理学Geophysics

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

基于光学干涉的海底环境传感器阵列

▲ 作者：G. MARRA, D. M. FAIRWEATHER, V. KAMALOV, P. GAYNOR, M. CANTONO, S. MULHOLLAND, B. BAPTIE, J. C. CASTELLANOS, G. VAGENAS , A. CURTIS

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo1939

▲ 摘要：

水下光缆可以用来监测地震干扰和洋流，但信号往往是在整条光缆上集成的，这条光缆可能长达数千公里。作者能够隔离5800公里长的电缆，用于海底监测。

由于海底电缆每隔90公里都有中继器，这些部分在与激光源结合时都可以用作振动传感器。这种方法是作者通过三角测量更好地限制地震的位置，从而为海底监测提供了一种更好的空间分辨率的方法。

▲ Abstract：

Underwater optical cables can be used to monitor seismic disturbances and ocean currents, but the signal tends to be integrated over the entire length of the cable, which can be thousands of kilometers long. Marra et al. were able to isolate individual segments of a 5800-kilometer-long cable for seafloor monitoring. Because undersea cables have repeaters every 90 kilometers, these segments could each be used as vibrational sensors when coupled with a laser source. This approach allowed the authors to better constrain the location of an earthquake through triangulation, thus offering a method for much better spatial resolution for undersea monitoring.

地球化学Geochemistry

Global record of “ghost” nannofossils reveals plankton resilience to high CO2 and warming

“幽灵”纳米化石全球记录揭示了浮游生物对高二氧化碳和变暖的适应能力

▲ 作者：SAM M. SLATER, PAUL BOWN, RICHARD J. TWITCHETTSILVIA DANISE , XAND VIVI VAJDA

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm7330

▲ 摘要：

过去一些全球变暖事件的海洋地质记录中包含的纳米浮游生物化石相对较少，一些人认为这是海洋酸化和/或相关环境因素对生物钙化影响的证据。

作者在侏罗纪和白垩纪的几个时间间隔中，提出了一个全球印记或“幽灵”纳米化石的记录。这一发现意味着，对化石记录的字面解释可能会产生误导，并表明纳米浮游生物对过去变暖事件的适应能力比传统化石证据所表明的更强。

▲ Abstract：

The marine geological records of some past global warming events contain relatively few nannoplankton fossils, the lack which some interpret as being evidence of the impact of ocean acidification and/or related environmental factors on biocalcification. Slater et al. present a global record of imprint, or “ghost,” nannofossils throughout several of those intervals during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. This finding implies that a literal interpretation of the fossil record can be misleading, and demonstrates that nannoplankton were more resilient to past warming events than traditional fossil evidence would suggest.

生态学Ecology

The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches

森林恢复的效益

▲ 作者：FANGYUAN HUA, L. ADRIAN BRUIJNZEEL, PAULA MELI, PHILIP A. MARTIN, JUN ZHANG, SHINICHI NAKAGAWA, XINRAN MIAO, WEIYI WANG, CHRISTOPHER MCEVOY, ANDREW BALMFORD, etc.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4649

▲ 摘要：

重新造林是全球推广的一种方法，通过在木材生长和生态系统服务（如控制土壤侵蚀和管理供水）中储存碳来减缓气候变化。作者评估了人工林和原生森林在实现这些目标方面的相对表现。

通过综合来自世界主要森林生物群落的数据，他们发现，在提供三大生态系统服务方面，原生森林始终比人工林表现得更好，并为生物多样性带来了额外的好处。这种差异在温暖和干燥地区尤为明显。

这些研究结果表明，通过恢复原始森林而不是广泛的种植计划，可以最好地实现再造林的效益。

▲ Abstract：

Reforestation is promoted globally as one way to mitigate climate change through the storage of carbon in woody growth and ecosystem services such as control of soil erosion and management of water supplies. Hua et al. assessed the relative performance of plantation and native forest in achieving these goal. Synthesizing data from the world’s major forest biomes, they found that native forests consistently delivered better performance than plantations in the provision of the three major ecosystem services, with additional benefits for biodiversity. The discrepancy was particularly marked in in warmer and drier regions. These findings show that the benefits of reforestation will be best achieved through the restoration of native forests rather than extensive plantation programs.

Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions

多树种人工林的产量都超过单一树种

▲ 作者：YUHAO FENG, BERNHARD SCHMID, MICHEL LOREAU, XDAVID I. FORRESTER, SONGLIN FEI, JIANXIAO ZHU, ZHIYAO TANG, JIANGLING ZHUPUBIN HONG, Diversity boosts plantation biomass

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm6363

▲ 摘要：

在实验和自然系统中，更多样化的植物群落通常具有更高的初级生产力。这种效应可能是由于不同物种之间的互补性，可以更有效地利用资源，或者更有可能存在更多产的物种。作者使用了255个站点的数据来测试多树种人工林是否比单一树种的生产力更高。

他们发现，平均而言，多物种种植比单一种植有更高更厚的树木和更大的地上生物量积累。这种效应主要是由于物种之间的互补，具有不同特征的物种配对的好处最大。

▲ Abstract：

Across experimental and natural systems, more diverse plant communities often have higher primary productivity. This effect can be due to complementarity between different species, which can more effectively use resources together, or a higher likelihood of more productive species being present. Feng et al. used data from 255 sites to test whether forest plantations with multiple species have greater productivity than monocultures. They found that multispecies plantings, on average, have taller and thicker trees and greater aboveground biomass accumulation than monocultures. This effect was mainly due to complementary between species, with greatest benefits from pairing species with different traits.

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