英语五大句型以及非谓语动词笔记（英语进阶的灵魂）

非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词。主要包括：

• 不定式-Infinitive
• 动名词-Gerund
• 分词-Participle

非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。

• 表现形式：（to） do
• 否定形式：not (to) do

作名词的用法：

• To teach is to learn.教书就是学习。（作主语）
• I like to teach. 我乐于教书。（作宾语）
• To teach is to learn.教书就是学习。（作补语）

注意：当不定式作主语，或作使役动词- Factitive Verb(如：leave，get，keep，make，let，help，have)等的宾语时，常用it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把不定是放在后面。

• It is never too late to mend.(作主语)
• I make it a rule to go out every day.(作宾语)

此外：在作名词的不定式前出现what,how,where等疑问词时，可把它们看作名词短语。

例如：

• He did not know how to swim.(=the way to swim)
• I wish I know where to go.(=the place for going)
• She scarcely knows what to do.(=what she ought to do)

作形容词的用法：

• I have no friend to help me.我没有可以帮助我的朋友。
• He has no food to eat. 他没有可以吃的食物。

注意：省略了关系代词的时候，介词就要一道不定式的后面。

例如：

• We need a house to live in.(=in which to live)
• He had no money to buy food with.(with which to buy food.)

3．完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前

例如：

• I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
• He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。

作副词的用法：

①表目的：

• He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
• She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。

注意：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致

• ×：To save money,every means has been tried.
• √：To save money,he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。
• ×：To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.
• √：To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。

②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)：常放在never only后

• He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
• I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。

③表原因：常放在形容词后面

• They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。

④表程度：

• He is old enough to go to school.
• The question is simple for him to answer.

独立的不定式：与句中其他的词毫无语法关系，完全处于独立地位，用于修饰全句。

• To tell the truth,I do not like him.说实话，我不喜欢他。
• He is, so to speak, a book-worm.他可以说是个书呆子。
• To be frank with you, you are a man of weak will.坦率地说，你是个意志薄弱的人。
• To do him justice,he is not without some merits.说句公道话，他并非一无是处。
• He fell nearly 100 feet; but, strange to say, the fall did not kill him.他跌了将近100英尺;但是，奇怪的是，他并没有摔死。
• To make the matters worse, thick sleet was driving across the sea.更糟的是，厚厚的雨夹雪正飘过海面。
• He knows German and French,not to mention English.他懂德语和法语，更不用说英语了。

不定式的6种时态：

• to do
• to be doing
• to be done
• to have done
• to have been doing
• to have been done

• For him to fail to come would be fatal to our plan.(作名词)他不来对我们的计划是致命的。
• It was an easy thing for Lord Byron to be a great poet.（作名词）拜伦勋爵成为一位伟大的诗人是一件容易的事。
• She held the baby up for them to see.（作副词）她把孩子举起来让他们看。
• It is time for us to be up and doing.（作形容词）我们该起床做事了。

可以省略to的不定式用法：

在动词see,hear,feel,make,let,have,observe,watch,notice,please等之后，省略to

例如：

• I never saw anyone cry for joy before.
• I feel the cold air strike against my face.
• I made him come and sit beside me.
• I will have him come soon.
• I let him go back to his own house.
• Please have a seat.

在had better,had best,had rather,would rather,could not but feel,do nothing but后习惯把to省略

例如：

• I had better not work after you have tired yourself.
• It's nearly one,and we had best get a few hours' sleep.
• I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of Lord,than dwell in the tents of wickedness.
• I would rather walk than run.
• I could not but feel sorry for what you had said.
• He does nothing but study.

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