逍遥游课文原文注释（逍遥游原文和英译）

北冥有鱼，其名曰鲲鲲之大，不知其几千里也化而为鸟，其名而鹏，鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云，下面我们就来说一说关于逍遥游课文原文注释?我们一起去了解并探讨一下这个问题吧!

逍遥游课文原文注释

北冥有鱼，其名曰鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也。化而为鸟，其名而鹏，鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。

In the northern ocean there is a fish, called the k’un, I do not know how many thousand li in size. This k’un changes into a bird, called the p’eng. Its back is I do not know how many thousand li in breadth. When it is moved, it flies, its wings obscuring the sky like clouds.

是鸟也，海运则将徙於南冥；南冥者，天池也。《齐谐》者，志怪者也。《谐》之言曰：“鹏之徙於南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”

When on a voyage, this bird prepares to start for the Southern Ocean, the Celestial Lake. And in the Records of Marvels we read that when the peng flies southwards, the water is smitten for a space of three thousand li around, while the bird itself mounts upon a great wind to a height of ninety thousand li, for a flight of six months' duration.

野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。

There mounting aloft, the bird saw the moving white mists of spring, the dust-clouds, and the living things blowing their breaths among them. It wondered whether the blue of the sky was its real color, or only the result of distance without end, and saw that the things on earth appeared the same to it.

且夫水之积也不厚，则其负大舟也无力；覆杯水於坳堂之上，则芥为之舟，置杯焉则胶，水浅而舟大也。

If there is not sufficient depth, water will not float large ships. Upset a cupful into a hole in the yard, and a mustard-seed will be your boat. Try to float the cup, and it will be grounded, due to the disproportion between water and vessel.

风之积也不厚，则其负大翼也无力；故九万里，则风斯在下矣，而后乃今培风；背负青天，而莫之夭阏者，而后乃今将图南。

So with air. If there is not sufficient a depth, it cannot support large wings. And for this bird, a depth of ninety thousand li is necessary to bear it up. Then, gliding upon the wind, with nothing save the clear sky above, and no obstacles in the way, it starts upon its journey to the south.

蜩与学鸠笑之曰：我决起而飞，枪榆枋而止，时则不至，而控於地而已矣。奚以之九万里而南为？”适莽苍者，三餐而反，腹犹果然；适百里者，宿舂粮；适千里者，三月聚粮；之二虫，又何知？

A cicada and a young dove laughed, saying, "Now, when I fly with all my might, 'tis as much as I can do to get from tree to tree. And sometimes I do not reach, but fall to the ground midway. What then can be the use of going up ninety thousand li to start for the south?" He who goes to the countryside taking three meals with him comes back with his stomach as full as when he started. But he who travels a hundred li must take ground rice enough for an overnight stay. And he who travels a thousand li must supply himself with provisions for three months. Those two little creatures, what should they know?

小知不及大知，小年不及大年。奚以知其然也？朝菌不知晦朔，蟪蛄不知春秋，此小年也。楚之南有冥灵者，以五百岁为春，五百岁为秋；上古有大椿者，以八千岁为春，八千岁为秋。此大年也。而彭祖乃今以久特闻，众人匹之，不亦悲？

Small knowledge has not the compass of great knowledge any more than a short year has the length of a long year. How can we tell that this is so? The fungus plant of a morning knows not the alternation of day and night. The cicada knows not the alternation of spring and autumn. Theirs are short years. But in the south of Chu there is a mingling (tree) whose spring and autumn are each of five hundred years' duration. And in former days there was a large tree which had a spring and autumn each of eight thousand years. Yet, Peng Tsu is known for reaching a great age and is still, alas! An object of envy to all!

汤之问棘也是已。“穷发之北，有冥海者，天池也。有鱼焉，其广数千里，未有知其修者，其名为鲲。有鸟焉，其名为鹏，背若泰山，翼若垂天之云，抟扶摇羊角而上者九万里，绝云气，负青天，然后图南，且适南冥也。”

It was on this very subject that the Emperor Tang spoke to Chi, as follows: "At the north of Chiungta, there is a Dark Sea, the Celestial Lake. In it there is a fish several thousand li in breadth, and I know not how many in length. It is called the k’un. There is also a bird, called the p’eng, with a back like Mount Tai, and wings like clouds across the sky. It soars up upon a whirlwind to a height of ninety thousand li, far above the region of the clouds, with only the clear sky above it. And then it directs its flight towards the Southern Ocean. "

斥鷃笑之曰：“彼且奚适也？我腾跃而上，不过数仞而下，翱翔蓬蒿之间，此亦飞之至也。而彼且奚适也？”此小大之辩也。

And a lake sparrow laughed, and said: Pray, what may that creature be going to do? I rise but a few yards in the air and settle down again, after flying around among the reeds. That is as much as any one would want to fly. Now, wherever can this creature be going to?" Such, indeed, is the difference between small and great.

故夫知效一官，行比一乡，德合一君，而征一国者，其自视也，亦若此矣。而宋荣子犹然笑之。且举世誉之而不加劝，举世非之而不加沮，定乎内外之分，辩乎荣辱之境，斯已矣。彼其於世，未数数然也；虽然，犹有未树也。

Take, for instance, a man who creditably fills some small office, or whose influence spreads over a village, or whose character pleases a certain prince. His opinion of himself will be much the same as that lake sparrow's. The philosopher Yung of Sung would laugh at such a one. If the whole world flattered him, he would not be affected thereby, nor if the whole world blamed him would he be dissuaded from what he was doing. For Yung can distinguish between essence and superficialities, and understand what is true honor and shame. Such men are rare in their generation. But even he has not established himself.

夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反，彼於致福者，未数数然也；此虽免乎行，犹有所待者也。

Now Liehtse could ride upon the wind. Sailing happily in the cool breeze, he would go on for fifteen days before his return. Among mortals who attain happiness, such a man is rare. Yet although Liehtse could dispense with walking, he would still have to depend upon something.

若夫乘天地之正，而御六气之辩，以游无穷者，彼且恶乎待哉？

As for one who is charioted upon the eternal fitness of Heaven and Earth, driving before him the changing elements as his team to roam through the realms of the Infinite, upon what, then, would such a one have need to depend?

双语||庄子《逍遥游》中英文

故曰：“至人无己，神人无功，圣人无名。”

Thus it is said, "The perfect man ignores self; the divine man ignores achievement; the true Sage ignores reputation."

尧让天下於许由，曰：“日月出矣，而爝火不息，其於光也，不亦难乎？时雨降矣，而犹浸灌，其於泽也，不亦劳乎？夫子立而天下治，而我犹尸之，吾自视缺然，请致天下。”

The Emperor Yao wished to abdicate in favor of Hsu Yu, saying, "If, when the sun and moon are shining, the torch is still lighted, would it be not difficult for the latter to shine? If, when the rain has fallen, one should still continue to water the fields, would this not be a waste of labor? Now if you would assume the reins of government, the empire would be well governed, and yet I am filling this office. I am conscious of my own deficiencies, and I beg to offer you the Empire."

许由曰：“子治天下，天下既已治也，而我犹代子，吾将为名乎？名者，实之宾也，吾将为宾乎？鹪鹩巢於深林，不过一枝，偃鼠饮河，不过满腹。归休乎君！予无所用天下为，庖人虽不治庖，尸祝不越樽俎而代之矣。”

"You are ruling the Empire, and the Empire is already well ruled," replied Hsu Yu. "Why should I take your place? Should I do this for the sake of a name? A name is but the shadow of reality, and should I trouble myself about the shadow? The tit, building its nest in the mighty forest, occupies but a single twig. The beaver slakes its thirst from the river, but drinks enough only to fill its belly. I would rather go back: I have no use for the empire! If the cook is unable to prepare the funeral sacrifices, the representative of the worshipped spirit and the officer of prayer may not step over the wines and meats and do it for him."

肩吾问於连叔曰：“吾闻言於接舆，大而无当，往而不返，吾惊怖其言，犹河汉而无极也！大有迳庭，不近人情焉。”

Chien Wu said to Lien Shu, "I heard Chieh Yu: talk on high and fine subjects endlessly. I was greatly startled at what he said, for his words seemed interminable as the Milky Way, but they are quite detached from our common human experience."

连叔曰：“其言谓何哉？”

"What was it?" asked Lien Shu.

曰：“藐姑射之山，有神人居焉。肌肤若冰雪，淖约若处子。不食五谷， 吸风饮露，乘云气，御飞龙，而游乎四海之外；其神凝，使物不疵疠，而年谷熟，吾以是狂而不信也。”

"He declared," replied Chien Wu, "that on the Miao-ku-yi mountain there lives a divine one, whose skin is white like ice or snow, whose grace and elegance are like those of a virgin, who eats no grain, but lives on air and dew, and who, riding on clouds with flying dragons for his team, roams beyond the limit's of the mortal regions. When his spirit gravitates, he can ward off corruption from all things, and bring good crops. That is why I call it nonsense, and do not believe it."

连叔曰：“然，瞽者无以与乎文章之观，聋者无以与乎锺鼓之声，岂唯形骸有聋盲哉？夫知亦有之；是其言也，犹时女也。

之人也，之德也，将旁礴万物以为一，世蕲乎乱，孰弊弊焉以天下为事！之人也，物莫之伤；大浸稽天而不溺，大旱金石流，土山焦而不热。是其尘垢秕糠，将犹陶铸尧舜者也，孰肯以物为事？”

"Well," answered Lien Shu, "you don't ask a blind man's opinion of beautiful designs, nor do you invite a deaf man to a concert. And blindness and deafness are not physical only. There is blindness and deafness of the mind. His words are like the unspoiled virgin. The good influence of such a man with such a character fills all creation. Yet because a paltry generation cries for reform, you would have him busy himself about the details of an empire! "Objective existences cannot harm. In a flood which reached the sky, he would not be drowned. In a drought, though metals ran liquid and mountains were scorched up, he would not be hot. Out of his very dust and siftings you might fashion two such men as Yao and Shun. And you would have him occupy himself with objectives!"

宋人资章甫而适诸越，越人断发文身，无所用之。

A man of the Sung State carried some ceremonial caps to the Yueh tribes for sale. But the men of Yueh used to cut off their hair and paint their bodies, so that they had no use for such things.

尧治天下之民，平海内之政，往见四子藐姑射之山，汾水之阳，然丧其天下焉。

The Emperor Yao ruled all under heaven and governed the affairs of the entire country. After he paid a visit to the four sages of the Miao-ku-yi Mountain, he felt on his return to his capital at Fenyang that the empire existed for him no more.

惠子谓庄子曰：“魏王贻我大瓠之种，我树之成，而实五石。以盛水浆，其坚不能自也。剖之以为瓢，则瓠落无所容。非不呺然大也，吾为其无用而掊之。”

Hueitse said to Chuangtse, "The Prince of Wei gave me a seed of a large-sized kind of gourd. I planted it, and it bore a fruit as big as a five bushel measure. Now had I used this for holding liquids, it would have been too heavy to lift; and had I cut it in half for ladles, the ladles would have been too flat for such purpose. Certainly it was a huge thing, but I had no use for it and so broke it up."

庄子曰：“夫子固拙於用大矣！宋人有善为不龟手之药者，世世以洴澼絖为事；客闻之，请买其方百金。聚族而谋曰：‘我世世为洴澼絖，不过数金，今一朝而鬻技百金，请与之。'"

"It was rather you did not know how to use large things," replied Chuangtse. "There was a man of Sung who had a recipe for salve for chapped hands, his family having been silk-washers for generations. A stranger who had heard of it came and offered him a hundred ounces of silver for this recipe; whereupon he called together his clansmen and said, 'We have never made much money by silk-washing. Now, we can sell the recipe for a hundred ounces in a single day. Let the stranger have it.'

“客得之，以说吴王。越有难，吴王使之将，冬，与越人水战，大败越人。裂地而封之。能不龟手一也，或以封，或不免於洴澼絖，则所用之异也。今子有五石之瓠，何不虑以为大樽，而浮於江湖，而忧其瓠落无所容？则夫子犹有蓬之心也夫！”

"The stranger got the recipe, and went and had an interview with the Prince of Wu. The Yueh State was in trouble, and the Prince of Wu sent a general to fight a naval battle with Yueh at the beginning of winter. The latter was totally defeated, and the stranger was rewarded with a piece of the King's territory. Thus, while the efficacy of the salve to cure chapped hands was in both cases the same, its applications were different. Here, it secured a title; there, the people remained silk-washers. Now as to your five-bushel gourd, why did you not make a float of it, and float about over river and lake? And you complain of its being too flat for holding things! I fear your mind is stuffy inside."

惠子谓庄子曰：“吾有大树，人谓之樗，其大本拥肿而不中绳墨，其小枝卷曲而不中规矩，立之涂，匠者不顾。今子之言，大而无用，众所同去也。”

Hueitse said to Chuangtse, "I have a large tree, called the ailanthus. Its trunk is so irregular and knotty that it cannot be measured out for planks; while its branches are so twisted that they cannot be cut out into discs or squares. It stands by the roadside, but no carpenter will look at it. Your words are like that tree -- big and useless, of no concern to the world."

庄子曰：“子独不见狸狌乎？卑身而伏，以候敖者，东西跳梁，不辟高下，中於机辟，死於罔罟。今夫斄牛，其大若垂天之云。此能为大矣，而不能执鼠。今子有大树，患其无用，何不树之於无何有之乡，广莫之野？彷徨乎无为其侧，逍遥乎寝卧其下。不夭斤斧；物无害者，无所可用，安所困苦哉！”

"Have you never seen a wild cat," rejoined Chuangtse, "crouching down in wait for its prey? Right and left and high and low, it springs about, until it gets caught in a trap or dies in a snare. On the other hand, there is the yak with its great huge body. It is big enough in all conscience, but it cannot catch mice. Now if you have a big tree and are at a loss what to do with it, why not plant it in the Village of Nowhere, in the great wilds, where you might loiter idly by its side, and lie down in blissful repose beneath its shade? There it would be safe from the axe and from all other injury. For being of no use to others, what could worry its mind?"

白话译文

北方的大海里有一条鱼，它的名字叫鲲。鲲的体积，不知道大到有几千里。变化成为鸟，它的名字就叫做鹏。鹏的脊背，真不知道长到有几千里；当它奋起而飞的时候，那展开的翅膀就好像天边的云。这只鹏鸟，大风吹动海水的时候就要迁徙到南方的大海去了。南方的大海是一个天然的大池子。《齐谐》是一部专门记载怪异事情的书。这本书上记载：“鹏往南方的大海迁徙的时候，翅膀拍打水面，能激起三千里的浪涛，环绕着旋风飞上了九万里的高空，乘着六月的风离开了北海。”像野马奔腾一样的游气，飘飘扬扬的尘埃，活动着的生物都因为风吹而运动。天空苍苍茫茫的，难道就是它本来的颜色吗？它的辽阔高远也是没有尽头的吗？鹏往下看的时候，看见的应该也是这个样子。如果聚集的水不深，那么它就没有负载一艘大船的力量了。在堂前低洼的地方倒上一杯水，一棵小草就能被当作是一艘船，放一个杯子在上面就会被粘住，这是水浅而船却大的原因。如果聚集的风不够强大的话，那么负载一个巨大的翅膀也就没有力量了。因此，鹏在九万里的高空飞行，风就在它的身下了，凭借着风力，背负着青天毫无阻挡，然后才开始朝南飞。蝉和小斑鸠讥笑鹏说：“我们奋力而飞，碰到榆树和檀树就停止，有时飞不上去，落在地上就是了。何必要飞九万里到南海去呢？”到近郊去的人，只带当天吃的三餐粮食，回来肚子还是饱饱的；到百里外的人，要用一整夜时间舂米准备干粮；到千里外的人，要聚积三个月的粮食。蝉和小斑鸠这两只小虫、鸟又知道什么呢。小智比不上大智，短命比不上长寿。怎么知道是这样的呢？朝生暮死的菌草不知道黑夜与黎明。春生夏死、夏生秋死的寒蝉，不知道一年的时光，这就是短命。楚国的南方有一种大树叫做灵龟，它把五百年当作一个春季，五百年当作一个秋季。上古时代有一种树叫做大椿，它把八千年当作一个春季，八千年当作一个秋季，这就是长寿。可是活了七百来岁的彭祖如今还因长寿而特别闻名，众人都想与他相比，岂不可悲！

商汤问棘，谈的也是这件事。汤问棘说：“上下四方有极限吗？”棘说：“无极之外，又是无极！在草木不生的极远的北方，有个大海，就是天池。里面有条鱼，它的身子有几千里宽，没有人知道它有多长，它的名字叫做鲲。有一只鸟，它的名字叫做鹏。鹏的背像泰山，翅膀像天边的云；借着旋风盘旋而上九万里，超越云层，背负青天，然后向南飞翔，将要飞到南海去。小泽里的麻雀讥笑鹏说：‘它要飞到哪里去呢？我一跳就飞起来，不过数丈高就落下来，在蓬蒿丛中盘旋，这也是极好的飞行了。而它还要飞到哪里去呢？’”这是大和小的分别。

所以，那些才智能胜任一官的职守，行为能够庇护一乡百姓的，德行能投合一个君王的心意的，能力能够取得全国信任的，他们看待自己，也像上面说的那只小鸟一样。而宋荣子对这种人加以嘲笑。宋荣子这个人，世上所有的人都称赞他，他并不因此就特别奋勉，世上所有的人都诽谤他，他也并不因此就感到沮丧。他认定了对自己和对外物的分寸，分辨清楚荣辱的界限，就觉得不过如此罢了。他对待人世间的一切，都没有拼命去追求。即使如此，他还是有未达到的境界。列子乘风而行，飘然自得，驾轻就熟。十五天以后返回；他对于求福的事，没有拼命去追求。这样虽然免了步行，还是有所凭借的。倘若顺应天地万物的本性，驾驭着六气的变化，邀游于无穷的境地，他还要凭借什么呢？所以说：修养最高的人能任顺自然、忘掉自己，修养达到神化不测境界的人无意于求功，有道德学问的圣人无意于求名。

尧要把天下让给许由，说：“太阳月亮出来了，而小火把还不熄灭，它的亮度，要和日月相比不是太难了吗！及时雨降下了，还要灌溉田地，对于滋润禾苗，不是徒劳吗！你如果成了君王，天下一定大治，而我还徒居其位，我自己感到惭愧极了，请允许我把天下交给你。”许由说：“你治理天下，天下已经治理好了，而我再接替你，我岂不是为名而来吗？名，是依附于实的客体，我难道要做有名无实的客体吗？鹪鹩在深林中筑巢，只要一根树枝；鼹鼠饮河水，只要肚子喝饱。请你回去吧，天下对于我没有什么用！厨子虽然不下厨，主祭的人却不应该超越权限而代行厨子的职事。”

肩吾向连叔求教：“我从接舆那里听到谈话，大话连篇没有边际，一说下去就回不到原来的话题上。我十分惊恐他的言谈，就好像天上的银河没有边际，跟一般人的言谈差异甚远，确实是太不近情理了。”连叔问：“他说的是些什么呢？”肩吾转述道：“‘在遥远的姑射山上，住着一位神人，皮肤润白像冰雪，体态柔美如处女，不食五谷，吸清风饮甘露，乘云气驾飞龙，遨游于四海之外。他的神情那么专注，使得世间万物不受病害，年年五谷丰登。’我认为这全是虚妄之言，一点也不可信。”连叔听后说：“是呀！对于瞎子没法同他们欣赏花纹和色彩，对于聋子没法同他们聆听钟鼓的乐声。难道只是形骸上有聋与瞎吗？思想上也有聋和瞎啊！这话似乎就是说你肩吾的呀。那位神人，他的德行，与万事万物混同一起，以此求得整个天下的治理，谁还会忙忙碌碌把管理天下当成回事！那样的人哪，外物没有什么能伤害他，滔天的大水不能淹没他，天下大旱使金石熔化、土山焦裂，他也不感到灼热。他所留下的尘埃以及瘪谷糠麸之类的废物，也可造就出尧舜那样的圣贤仁君来，他怎么会把忙着管理万物当作己任呢！北方的宋国有人贩卖帽子到南方的越国，越国人不蓄头发满身刺着花纹，没什么地方用得着帽子。尧治理好天下的百姓，安定了海内的政局，到姑射山上、汾水北面，去拜见四位得道的高士，不禁怅然若失，忘记了自己居于治理天下的地位。”

惠子对庄子说：“魏王送给我大葫芦的种子，我种下后结出的葫芦大得可以容纳五石。用它来盛水，它却因质地太脆无法提举。切开它当瓠，又大而平浅无法容纳东西。我不是嫌它不大，只是因为它无用，我把它砸了。”庄子说：“你真不善于使用大的物件。宋国有个人善于制作防止手冻裂的药，他家世世代代都以漂洗丝絮为职业。有个客人听说了，请求用一百金来买他的药方。这个宋国人召集全家商量说：‘我家世世代代靠这种药从事漂洗丝絮，一年所得不过数金；现在一旦卖掉这个药方马上可得百金，请大家答应我卖掉它。’这个客人买到药方，就去游说吴王。那时正逢越国有难，吴王就命他为将，在冬天跟越国人展开水战，大败越人，吴王就割地封侯来奖赏他。同样是一帖防止手冻裂的药方，有人靠它得到封赏，有人却只会用于漂洗丝絮，这是因为使用方法不同啊。现在你有可容五石东西的大葫芦，为什么不把它系在身上作为腰舟而浮游于江湖呢？却担忧它大而无处可容纳，可见你的心地过于浅陋狭隘了！”

惠子对庄子说：“我有一棵大树，人家把它叫做臭椿；它那树干上有许多赘瘤，不合绳墨，它那枝权弯弯曲曲，不合规矩。它长在路边，木匠都不看它一眼。现在你说的那段话，大而没有用，大家都不相信。”庄子说：“你难道没见过野猫和黄鼠狼吗？屈身伏在那里，等待捕捉来来往往的小动物；它捉小动物时东跳西跃，不避高下；但是一踏中捕兽的机关陷阱，就死在网中。再看那牦牛，它大如天边的云；这可以说够大的了，但是却不能捕鼠。现在你有一棵大树，担忧它没有用处，为什么不把它种在虚无之乡，广阔无边的原野，随意地徘徊在它的旁边，逍遥自在地躺在它的下面；这样大树就不会遭到斧头的砍伐，也没有什么东西会伤害它。它没有什么用处，又哪里会有什么困苦呢？”

赏析

思想内容

《逍遥游》是《庄子》的第一篇，集中代表了庄子的哲学思想。“逍遥游”是庄子的人生理想，是庄子人生论的核心内容。“逍遥游”是指“无所待而游无穷”，对世俗之物无所依赖，与自然化而为一，不受任何束缚自由地游于世间。“逍遥”在庄子这里是指，人超越了世俗观念及其价值的限制而达到的最大的精神自由。“游”并不是指形体之游，更重要的是指精神之游，形体上的束缚被消解后，自然就可以悠游于世。逍遥游就是超脱万物、无所依赖、绝对自由的精神境界。在庄子看来，达到这种境界的最好方法就是“心斋”“坐忘”，这两者体现了一种精神自由和天人合一的精神逍遥游。

庄子逍遥游思想的主要内容是从“有所待”达到“无所待”的精神境界。《逍遥游》中庄子运用了许多寓言来表述逍遥游的内涵，揭露世俗“有待”的表现。首先，庄子指出，大舟靠着积水之深才能航行，大鹏只有“培风”才能翱翔，因此他们都是“有所待者”。再如，庄子认为宋荣子的思想仍然处于“定乎内外之分，辩乎荣辱之境”的局限并没有完全超越世俗定“内外”和辩“荣辱”的纷争，只是在这种纷争中不动心，因而不是真正的“无待”。庄子批判了世俗的有所待，提出了追求无待的理想境界，同时也指出了从“有待”至‘无待”的具体途径。这就是：“至人无己”“神人无功”，“圣人无名”。这里的‘至人”“神人”“圣人”都是“道”的化身和结合体，是庄子主张的理想人格。在庄子看来，只有达到“无己”“无功”“无名”的境界，才能摆脱一切外物之累从“有待”达“无待”体会真正的逍遥游。

在《逍遥游》中，庄子用与惠子关于如何看待“大瓠”与“大树”之用的两段对话阐述了关于“无用”和“大用”的观点。惠子对庄子说：魏王贻我大瓠之种，我树之成而实五石，以盛水浆，其坚不能自举也。剖之以为瓠，则瓠落无所容，非不然大也，吾为其无用而掊之。”庄子回以故事作为启发：宋人有善为不龟手之药者，世世以洴澼絖为事。客闻之，请买其方百金。庄子对惠子说：今子有五石之瓠，何不虑以为大樽而浮乎江湖，而忧其瓠落无所容，则夫子犹有蓬之心也夫！庄子告诉惠子怎样“巧用”这个“五石之瓠”，建议他可以把这种大葫芦作为腰舟系在身上，用来浮游于江湖之上，这正是一种自由自在的“逍遥游”境界。由此可见，庄子很注重事物的内在使用价值，“无用”是事物的外在价值，而“用”是事物的内在价值，无用很可能有大用。从逍遥游角度来说，人应该注重内在的生命价值和自我价值，巧用“无用之用”来实现自我价值。

文章指出，“若夫乘天地之正，而御六气之辨，以游无穷者，彼且恶乎待哉！”至人游处于天地间，其精神与宇宙一体化，自我无穷地开放，向内打通自己，向外与他人他物相感通、相融合。达到这种境界，物我的界限便可消除，时空的限制无复感觉。“游于无穷，彼且恶乎待哉！”至人是个自由超越者，他从形相世界的拘限中超脱出来，获得大解放，达到“无待”的境界——心灵无穷地开放，与外物相冥合。如此，则无论在任何情况下，都能随遇而安，自由自在。庄子对至人的描述，体现出逍遥游理想人格的一些特点。

其一，庄子逍遥游理想人格具有真实性。在庄子的思想中，构成人生困境的生死之限、时命之囿、哀乐之情都是人们生活中的客观存在，庄子理想人格所趋向的精神境界就是对这种人生困境的超脱，即摆脱各种精神纷扰，建立一种安宁、恬静的心理环境，这是真实和理智的。庄子通过对死生观念的超越，使死产生的恐惧、生带来的欢欣都不存在了。他主张喜怒哀乐应顺于自然，“若然者，其心忘，其容寂……喜怒通四时，与物有宜而莫知其极”。庄子同时还实现了对世俗事务的超脱，建立了自己独特的生活态度。“芒然徨乎尘垢之夕卜，逍遥乎无为之业，彼又恶能愦愦然为世俗之礼，以观众人之耳目哉！”总之，庄子理想人格认为通过精神修养可以实现对死亡恐惧的克服、世事纷扰的超脱、哀乐之情消融，从而形成安宁的心理环境，这在人的精神过程中是真实、可行的。

其二，庄子逍遥游理想人格具有理想性。庄子逍遥游理想人格的本质内容是对个人精神绝对自由的追求，因而具有理想的性质。“若夫乘天地之正，而御六气之辩，以游无穷者，彼且恶乎待哉！”这就是庄子追求的绝对自由——无待、无累、无患的“逍遥”。这是一种理想中的主观与客观无任何对立或矛盾的个人自由自在的存在，一种一切感性存在皆被升华为“道通为一”因而无任何人生负累的心境。显然，这种自由的理想——无人生之累——在现实世界中是不可能真实地和完全地存在，而只能以想象的形态在观念世界里表现出来；这种“逍遥”心境的形成——一切感性、情感的理性、理智升华也不是一般的思维认识过程，而是一种特殊的、对万物根源“道”的直观体悟。庄子所认识和追求的自由——“逍遥”，是一种情态自由，庄子主要是从个人的无负累的心境状态、或逍遥自在的心情感受的角度来认识和描述自由的。这种感受只能以某种感性的、直观的形式显现；这种心境也只能是缺乏现实基础的、个人孤独生活的精神理想。“自由”离远古时代的人们还太远，然而庄子无待、无累、无患的绝对自由思想，毕竟表明他发现了作为必然性的具体形态的人生困境，提出了一种超脱方法，描述了一种自由的心境或隋态，引领人们实现自我觉醒和自我超越。

其三，庄子逍遥游理想人格具有幻想性。在庄子的理想人格身上，还表现出一种异于世人的神奇性能，这使得庄子理想人格的精神境界具有某种神话式的幻想性。《庄子》中理想人格的名号非常多，有“真人”、“至人”、“神人”、“圣人”、“德人”等，庄子逍遥游理想人格的名号虽不同，但其精神境界所表述的内容是相同的，而且理想人格在饮食起居、行为功能等方面都表现出神异性。例如：“藐姑射之山，有神人居焉，肌肤若冰雪，淖约若处子；不食五谷，吸风饮露；乘云气，御飞龙，而游乎四海之外。”庄子理想人格的这些奇异的性能表现了超脱世俗的思想。这种思想的形成，一与当时社会生产力低下有关。生活资料的匮乏，无法抵御的以水、火为代表的凶猛的自然灾害的侵袭，山川河海的阻隔，最后降临的更是人人皆无法逃脱的死亡，凡此种种，都是古代人们不能在现实中战胜，而只能通过幻想在神话中战胜的对象。庄子理想人格所具有的神异性能，正是这种感情愿望的反映。二与庄子思想的文化背景有关。庄子是楚国贵族后裔，与楚文化有很深的背景。庄子思想洋溢充盈的文学特质是浪漫多姿的楚文化的映照，理想人格的神异性能则是楚地巫风祠祀盛行、神话鬼说丰富的烙印。三与庄子的人生哲学本身有关。庄子人生哲学所追求的无待、无累、无患的绝对精神自由，是一种情态自由，一种理想性质的心境，它本身因为缺乏具体的、用来作界定的理论概念，而难以得到更明确的表述和更深入的揭示。在这种情况下，只有借助超凡脱俗的神话形象来表达“道”的思想观念，描绘“逍遥”的精神境界。

艺术特色

《逍遥游》在构思上采用了文学上的形象思维的写作手法，运用大量的浅近的寓言、神话、对话，文姿多彩。想象像匹骏马驰骋于宇宙，摄取与表达中心思想有关的妙趣横生的题材，生动、形象地宣传了作者的鄙视高官厚禄、死抱皇恩厚爵，否定现实，追求无己、无功、无名的绝对自由的思想。对统治者以功爵笼络贤能的伪善给予深刻的揭露，对后世散文发展有着积极的影响。在揽宇宙于一纸，包万物于一文的充满生机、遐想的《逍遥游》中，作者富有艺术魅力的文笔吸引了为数众多的读者，使作品成为中国古代寓言体论说文中一篇著名的佳作。

全文构思精巧，善于使想象与现实结合，善于使对话与阐理结合，善于使讽刺与剖析结合，吸引边读边思，边思边读，读之有味味无穷成了庄子著作构思的特点。文章围绕着逍遥安排了设喻、阐理、表述三个部分。在设喻中，以鹏与鷃都无知借风力飞翔这一事实，各自显示傲慢得意的形态；顺势转入第二部分阐理上，从政的高官贵人平庸地显示自己的才能，像鷃雀的渺小可怜，最后提出靠豁达、无所求才能达到无己、无功、无名的自由虚无的境界。

设喻中先写了鹏的形体，从背与翼的强而有力，才能“击水三千里”直上九万里，才能有视苍天如海，观地下如烟的高傲之情。蝉、鸠只能在原地起跳，不能有鹏的高傲胸怀，鹏的背与翼再大没有风力的帮助，也是飞不上高空。小虫鸟不自量力正如有人非要和长寿的彭祖媲美一样的可怜。作者将鹏与鷃两个形体悬殊的飞鸟进行对比，点明都靠风力才能飞翔于空中，但由此而认为自己本领大，超群不凡就是无知可悲了。

文章顺势转入阐理，从有己与无己对照入手，有己的人们往往凭着自己的职位高才，可以达到“四个一”的地步，对国君能尽职，也只能靠权势发挥平庸的才能。当进入豁达无所求、无己、无功、无名境界时，才能摆脱世俗的缠绕，这也是无我的最高标准。第三部份为表述，通过尧让贤转作者与惠子两段对话，用大瓠和大树来阐明作者反对用大渲耀自己位尊的思想，强调要解除外来的优惠条件，达到无己、无功、无名的境界，这就是作者写作的目的。

构思的精巧多彩，在于作者善于运用富有形象性的寓言，使自然界的虫鱼鸟兽与社会上的高官、贤能、明君相映衬；善于运用动物、人物之间的对话，使各个层次之间互相制约，互相连接，引人联想，进入深思中心思想的地步。可以说是以喻引理，以比阐理，让大鹏与小鷃、九万里与仞尺、庸官与贤君在对比中展开阐理，让读者得到的印象是鲜明的。

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