高中英语必修五unit1知识点总结(人教版高中英语必修5Unit5解析二)
@外语教师联盟
教学背景
本单元话题——急救(First aid)。急救即紧急救治的意思,是指当有任何意外或急病发生时,施救者在医护人员到达前,按医学护理的原则,利用现场适用物资临时及适当地为伤病者进行的初步救援及护理,然后从速送院。
疑难追踪
1
First aid is a temporary form of help given to some who suddenly falls ill or gets injured before a doctor can be found.
P33
难句解读
急救是一个人突然病倒或受伤时,在找到医生之前给病人或受伤者首先进行的临时救助。
first aid意为“(对伤患者的)急救”。aid 在句中作名词,意为“帮助;援助”。give/offer aid 提供援助;come/ go to one’s aid 帮助某人;medical aid 医疗救护;with the aid of 借助于。
例如
It’s very important to perform first aid on the injured.
对那些伤员进行急救是非常重要的。
The blind man walks with the aid of a stick.
那个盲人拄着拐杖走路。
When the earthquake happened in Sichuan province, many volunteers went to their aid.
在四川地震中,许多志愿者去帮助他们。
aid作名词,还可以意为“助手;辅助性工具”。a hearing aid助听器;teaching aids教具;aid可作动词,用法有aid(sb./sth.)(in sth./in doing sth);aid sb.(with sth.) 。句中fall ill意为“生病”,其中fall 为连系动词。
例如
He fell ill and had to go to the hospital.
他生病了,必须去医院。
其他类似的短语还有:fall asleep睡着了;fall silent静下来;等等。
难点深究
get injured 意为“受伤”,由“get 及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态很常见。
例如:
My glasses got broken while I’m playing basketball.
我打篮球时把眼镜弄坏了。
My bike is getting repaired now.
我的自行车正在被修理。
The worker got paid by the hour.
这个工人的工资是以小时计费。
2
Often the illness or injury is not serious,but there are other times when giving first aid quickly can save lives.
P34
难句解读
通常情况下病情或伤势不严重,但是有时(情况危急)实施急救,能够挽救人的生命。
句中injury 为名词,意为“ 损伤,伤害;受伤处”。其动词为injure,意为“负伤;受伤害”。形容词为injured,意为“受伤的,被伤害的”。
例如
Two players are out of the team because of injury.
两名队员因伤退出了比赛。
He isn’t injured—just shocked.
他没有受伤,只是受了惊吓。
He was badly injured in the war.
他在战争中受了重伤。
难点深究
hurt,injure,wound的区别:hurt指精神或肉体上的“伤害”,含有较强烈的疼痛意味,通常与badly,slightly,seriously等连用,表示受伤的程度;injure指在意外事故中“负伤,受伤害”,也可指对感情、声誉、机会等的不利影响;wound 指用外界暴力引起身体“创伤”,有明显的伤口,尤指刀伤、枪伤、剑伤等,多用于在战场中受伤,也可指对感情的伤害。
例如:
I was feeling deeply hurt by what she had just said.
她刚才所说的话深深地伤害了我。
There were two people injured in the car accident.
有两个人在车祸中受了伤。
The soldier was badly wounded in the head.
这位士兵在头部受了伤。
3
You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease,poisons and the sun’s harmful rays.
P34
难句解读
你有三层皮肤作为屏障来保护你免遭疾病,毒药和有害光线的侵害。
句中barrier 为名词,意为“屏障,障碍物,隔阂”。
例如
the language barrier
语言的隔阂
You need to show the ticket at the barrier.
你需要在检票处出示你的票。
句中poison 为名词,意为 “毒药,毒害”。它还可以作动词,意为“毒害,使中毒”。poisonous 为形容词,意为“有毒的,有害的”。
例如
Don’t put poisons into other containers.
不要把毒品放在其他容器里。
Pesticides and toxic waste are poisoning our rivers.
杀虫剂和有毒废弃物正污染着河流。
This medicine is poisonous if taken in large quantities.
这种药如果服用过量,会引起中毒。
4
it keeps you warm or cool;it prevents your body from losing too much water;it’s where you feel cold,heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch.
P34
难句解读
皮肤能保暖或御寒,保持体内水分不于的流失。正是皮肤让你感到冷热和疼痛,皮肤还使你有触觉。
句中prevent 为动词,意为“阻止;阻碍;阻扰”。
例如
The accident could have been prevented.
这次事故本来是可以防止的。
句中sense of touch意为“ 触觉”。sense作名词,意为“感觉,意识,见识,道理;辨别力,判断力;意思,意义”。 其他表示各种感觉的词还有:sense of hearing听觉;sense of humour/urgency/ beauty/safety幽默感/紧迫感/美感/安全感;sense of sight/direction视觉,方向感;sense of taste/smell味觉/嗅觉;a sense of responsibility责任感。sense还可以做动词,意为“感觉到,意识到,发觉”。
例如
The horse sensed danger and stopped.
那匹马意识到危险,停了下来。
难点深究
与sense构成的常见短语还有:
in a sense在某种意义上;
in no sense绝不;
make sense有意义,有道理,讲得通;
make sense of了解,弄懂;
common sense常识;
come to one’s sense醒过来,醒悟过来,恢复理性;
there is no sense in doing做某事没道理。
prevent构成的短语有:
prevent sb./ sth. from doing 意为“阻止某人做某事”。
相似的动词短语还有:
keep sb. from doing / stop sb. from doing 阻止某人做某事。
在主动语态中,使用stop或prevent时,可以省略from,用keep时不可省略from,因为keep sb. doing意为“使某人一直做”。但在被动语态中都不能省略。
例如:
However,some psychologists warn that too much study can prevent a child from developing normally.
然而心理学家警告说学生负担太重会阻止孩子正常发育。
They were stopped/prevented/kept by the police from entering the building.
警察阻止他们进入大楼。
5
Burns are called first,second or third degree burn,depending on which layers of the skin are burned.
P34
难句解读
根据皮肤哪层组织被烧伤,烧伤被划分为一度、二度或三度烧伤。
句中depend on 意为“取决于,依靠,由……而定”。另外,它还可意为“依靠,依赖,相信”。
例如
His family depends on him.
他的一家人全靠他养活。
You can’t depend on your parents forever.
你不能永远依赖你的父母亲。
It/ That (all) depends.
那得看情况而定。
6
Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a moment.
P34
难句解读
(一度烫伤或烧伤的)例子包括轻微的晒伤,以及碰触到热锅、炉子或烙铁而导致的烫(烧)伤。
句中mild意为“轻微的,不严重的”。
例如
a mild punishment
轻微的惩罚
She looked at him in mild surprise.
她略带吃惊地看着他。
mild还可以表示“温和的;温暖的;味淡的”。
例如
mild cheese
淡味奶酪
She is the mildest person I have ever met in my life.
她是我平生见到过的最温柔的人了。
7
Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it’s stuck to the burn.
P34
难句解读
除非衣服粘连在烧伤面上,否则都要把衣服脱掉。如果需要的话,可以使用剪刀。
此处stick意为“粘住,粘连”,另外,它还可意为“坚持”,stick to do sth.意为“坚持做某事”。句中unless 意思为“除非;如果不”。
例如
She found it difficult to stick to be on a diet.
她觉得节食很困难。
You shouldn’t go rafting unless you know how to swim.
如果你不会游泳,就不要去乘筏漂流。
He won’t go there unless invited.
若接不到邀请,他是不会去那的。
Don’t make it public unless I agree.
除非我同意,否则不能将它公之于众。
8
The cool water stops the burning process,prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.
P34
难句解读
凉水可以阻止烧伤的进程,可以防止疼痛达到难以忍受的地步,还可以防止或消除肿胀。
unbearable为形容词,意为“难以忍受的,不能容忍的”。swell为动词,意为“使膨胀;隆起”。
例如
The smell in the room is almost unbearable.
屋里的气味几乎让人无法忍受。
Her arm was beginning to swell up where the bee had stung her.
她胳膊给蜜蜂蜇了,肿了起来。
You can use ice to reduce the swelling.
用冰敷消肿。
难点深究
以un作前缀表示否定意义的词还有:
unforgettable难忘的;unwilling不情愿的;unusual不经常的;uncertain不确定的;unfair不公平的;unfit不适合的;unbelievable不相信的;unfortunate不幸的;unlike 不像;和……完全不同;uncomfortable 不舒服的;unconscious无意识的;unlucky不幸运的,不顺利的,倒霉的;unnatural不自然的,反常的;unpaid未支付的,未偿还的;unpopular不受欢迎的,不得人心的;unreliable不可信赖的,不可靠的;unsatisfactory不能令人满意的,不够好的;unwise不明智的;unworthy不值得的;等等。
9
For second degree burns, keep clothes cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.
P34
难句解读
对于二级烧伤,要保持绷带布清洁。措施有:把它们放到一盆冷水中(浸泡)、拧干后盖在烧伤处,如此反复一小时左右,直到疼痛基本消失。
句中squeeze 为动词,意为“ 榨,挤,压榨”。squeeze out榨出,挤出;squeeze sth. out of/ from sb.榨取某人某东西。
例如
He took off his wet clothes and squeezed the water out.
他脱下湿衣服,拧干了水。
Those blackmailers intended to squeeze more money out of him.
那些勒索者打算向他榨取更多的钱。
句中over and over again意思为“ 反复;多次;再三地”。
例如
I’ve told you over and over again not to do that.
我再三告诫你不要那样做。
10
Hold the bandage in place with tape.
P34
难句解读
用胶布把绷带固定。
句中in place意思为“在适当的位置;适当地”。
例如
The librarian put the returned books in place.
图书管理员把还回的图书放回原处。
You’d better put things back in place.
你最好把你的东西放回原处。
in place 还有“准备就绪”的意思。
例如
The arrangements for the concert next Saturday are all in place.
周六的音乐会已经准备就绪。
难点深究
由place构成的其他短语还有:
take one’s place就座,代替;
in place of/ in one’s place/take the place of代替;
take place 发生;
in the first place 首先,第一;
out of place 不适当,不相称;
make place for 为……腾出地方,让位于,退居……后。
11
Sam broke the blisters and poured icy water from the fridge onto the skin.
P34
难句解读
塞姆弄破水泡,接着(取出)冰箱的冰水倒在皮肤上。
句中pour 是动词,意为“倒;灌;注;涌”。pour sth. into sth.向……投入大量金钱,大量投资于;pour sth. out畅所欲言。
例如
I’ve poured you a cup of tea.
我给你倒了一杯茶。
It’s pouring with rain.
大雨滂沱。
Letters of complaint continue to pour in.
投诉信纷至沓来。
He has poured millions into the project.
他已在这项工程上投资数百万了。
She poured out her troubles to me.
她向我倾诉着她的烦恼。
12
Then he tied it tightly so that it would stay in place.
P36
难句解读
接着他把它绑得紧紧地以使它保持原位。
tightly为副词,是“紧紧地,紧固”之意,其形容词形式为tight,是“紧的,紧身的”之意。短语in place是“在适当的位置”之意,其反义词out of place是“不合适的,不相称的,格格不入的”。
例如
Shut the window tightly.
把窗户关严了。
I was so tightly wedged between two fat women that it was difficult for me to get up and leave the bus.
我被两个肥胖的女人紧紧地挤在中间,以致于要站起来下公共汽车都很难。
The books were all neatly in place, carefully arranged.
书都放得整整齐齐,井井有条。
Before you leave the office, everything should be put in place.
在离开办公室之前,应把所有物品摆放好。
13
It was John’s quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slade’s life.
P38
难句解读
正是约翰快捷的动作和急救知识救了斯莱德女士的命。
该句为强调句型。强调句型的结构为:it is/ was 被强调部分 that/ who 其余部分。例如
It was the British government that paid for all the equipment.
所有设备都由英国政府付款。
It was on Friday morning that all this happened.
所有这一切都发生在周五早上。
难点深究
注意强调句型和定语从句的区别:
强调句型可在不增加任何成分的前提下还原成陈述句结构,而定语从句不可。
Was it in 1949 when our hometown was liberated?(定语从句)
我们家乡解放的时间是1949年吗?
Was it in 1949 that our hometown was liberated?(强调句型)
我们家乡是在1949年解放吗?
Is this the factory where you used to work?(定语从句)
这是你过去工作的工厂吗?
Is this in the factory that you used to work?(强调句型)
你过去确实在这个工厂上班吗?
14
He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but when nobody could put their hands on any,his father got some tea towels and tape from their house.
P38
难句解读
他立即向附近的一些人要绷带,当他们都找不到绷带的时候,他的父亲就从屋里拿出一些擦杯盘的布和胶带来。
put one’s hands on意为“找到”。句中a number of 意为“若干;许多”,其后接可数名词复数。
例如
He displays the book in order, so he can put his hands on one whenever he needs it.
他把书有序地摆放着,一旦需要即可找出来。
A number of students were absent from class because of bad weather yesterday.由于恶劣天气,昨天许多学生缺席。
He has collected a number of different kinds of stamps.
他收集了大量各种各样的邮票。
句中put one’s hands on意为“找到”。
例如
Now the doctors haven’t put their hands on a cure for AIDS.
现在医生还没找到治疗艾滋病的办法。
难点深究
a number of,the number of的区别:
a number of 复数名词意为“许多”,作主语时谓语动词用复数;the number of 复数名词意为“……的数量”, 作主语时谓语动词用单数。
例如:
A number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake were sent to live with families in other cities.
很多在地震中失去父母的孩子被送到别的城市与其它的家庭一起生活。
Since the famine broke out, the number of people dying of starvation has been increasing.
饥荒发生后,饿死的人数在不停地增加。
与put相关的短语还有:
put forward将……提前;
put away将……收起来;
put up表现,提升;
put through使经受(磨练、痛苦)。
15
John used these to treat the most severe injures to Ms Slade’s hands.
P38
难句解读
约翰用这些东西处理斯莱德女士手上最严重的伤口。
treat 在句中作动词,意为“处理,治疗”。此外,它还可意为“对待;把……看作;款待;请客”等。treat还可作名词,意为“享受,愉快的事;请客”。
例如
Which doctor is treating her for her illness?
哪位医生在为她治病?
The stepmother treated her very badly.
继母对她很不好。
He’ll treat us all to dinner.
他请我们大家吃晚饭。
It was a great treat to listen to such beautiful music.
听到这样美妙的音乐是一种享受。
Tonight is my treat.
今晚我请客。
16
He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.
P38
难句解读
他使劲地按住伤口,使血流得慢些,一直到警察和救护车的到来。
句中apply是动词,意为“涂,敷,擦,运用,应用”。还可以做不及物动词,表示“申请,请求,使用,有效”。
例如
New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.
新技术正被运用到几乎所有的工业流程。
These study methods don’t apply to me.
这些学习方法不适合我。
They apply to the government for financial help.
他们向政府申请财政援助。
pressure 在句中作名词,意为“压力;挤压;压迫(感)”。put/bring pressure on/ upon sth.对某人施加压力;under pressure迫不得已,在压力下。
例如
They are putting pressure on us to sign the agreement.
他们正对我们施加压力,要我们签署那项协议。
I’m under pressure to change my plan.
我被迫改变计划。
难点深究
apply的常见短语:
apply to sb. for sth.向某人申请某物;
apply …to将……应用于;
apply to适用于;
apply oneself to专心致志于。
17
There is no doubt that John’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life.
P38
难句解读
毫无疑问,约翰敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术挽救了斯莱德女士的生命。
句中doubt为名词,意为“怀疑,疑惑,疑问”。它还可以做动词,意思为“怀疑,不相信。”
例如
I doubt his sincerity.
我怀疑他的诚意。
Beyond doubt,he will recover.
他会康复,这是毫无疑问的。
I’ll be back on Friday without doubt.
我一定会在星期五回来。
难点深究
doubt,suspect的区别:
当后面都接名词、代词或名词词组时,两者可通用,都意为“怀疑”;当接从句时,doubt意为“不相信,觉得……是不可能的”,suspect意为“觉得……可能……”。
例如
I doubt/ suspect the truth of the news.
我对那条新闻的真实性表示怀疑。
I doubt that he stole the money.
我不相信是他偷的钱。
I suspect that he stole the money.
我怀疑是他偷的钱。
18
It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.
P38
难句解读
这说明了急救知识的确能发挥重要作用。
句中make a difference意为“区别对待,有影响,起(重要)作用”; make no difference 没有区别。
例如
The rain didn’t make much difference to the match.
这场雨对比赛没有多大影响。
It makes no difference to you whether I like it or not, because you never listen to me.
我喜不喜欢对你来说没什么区别,因为你从来就不听我的。
It doesn’t make any difference to me where you come from.
你从什么地方来对我来说没有什么关系。
参考书目(独家授权)
张鑫友. 高中《英语》教材讲与练: 人教课标版. 一年级[M]. 湖北科学技术出版社
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