高考动词时态和语态复习（高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题八）

动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有16种时态。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。

2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）考查了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived；第71题（短文改错）考查了think变为过去时thought；第75题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉been；第79题（短文改错）考查了将动词过去时的found变为现在时的find。

2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）考查了allow的一般过去时的被动语态was allowed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将过去时had变为现在时的have；77题（短文改错）考查了将using变为被动used。

2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了remove的一般现在时的被动语态are removed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将动词goes变成一般过去时went。

一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数

1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。

（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes

（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries

（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes

2．功能：

（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如：

①I have a dream.

②She loves music.

③Mary's parents get up very early.

（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等时间副词连用。例如：

①I always take a walk after supper.

②She writes to me very often.

③She is an English teacher.

（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如：

①The earth moves around the sun.

②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

③Two and two makes four.

④ No man but errs.

（4）表示将来发生的动作：

A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如：

① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.

② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.

③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.

④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.

B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如：

①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.

②When does the plane take off?

③He leaves for that city next week.

④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.

二．一般过去时：动词的过去式

1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如：

①We visited the school last spring.

②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.

③China was founded in 1949.

2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如：

①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.

②They would not leave until she came back.

③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.

三．一般将来时：shall / will 动词原形

1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：

①He will graduate from the college next year.

②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.

2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：

I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作be gonna）

①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.

②He is going to sell his house.

注意：be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will

①I will be sixteen years old next year.

②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.

③When he comes, I will give him your message.

II. is/am/are to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如：

①Am I to take over his work?

②We are to meet at the gate.

III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如：

①The talk is about to begin.

四．一般过去将来时：would 动词原形

1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如：

①He said that they would meet me at the station.

②She told me that she would come to see me.

2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。例如：

①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.

②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.

注意句型：

was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……

=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如：

①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.

②I was about to go shopping when it rained.

③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.

五．现在进行时：is / am / are 现在分词

1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：

①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?

②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.

2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：

①He is taking physics this semester.

②We are preparing for our final examination this week.

③Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight.

3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如：

① Look! The bus is coming.

②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.

③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.

4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。例如：

①He is always thinking of others.

②The boy is continually making noises.

③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.

六．过去进行时：was /were 现在分词

1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 例如：

①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.

②When I arrived, they were watching TV.

③They were doing housework this time last week.

2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如：

①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.

②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.

3．过去某时将发生的事。例如：

①They told me that they were leaving for New York.

②He was going out when I arrived.

七．将来进行时：shall / will be 现在分词

1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如：

①What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.

2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如：

①Will you be having supper with us this evening?

②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?

3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如：

①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.

②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.

八．现在完成时：have / has 过去分词

1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如：

①He hasn't seen her lately.

②I haven't finished the book yet.

2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），for a long time（很长时间），，in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（这些日子）。例如：

①He has worked here for 15 years.

②I have studied English since I came here.

③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.

④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.

3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。

I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。

II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。

III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：

①She has gone away for a month.（误）

②She has been away for a month （正）

①The man has died for two years.（误）

②The man has been dead for two years.（正）

①How long have you bought the book?（误）

②How long have you had the book.（正）

4．几组对比：

①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。

②He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。

①She has gone.她已走了。

②She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）

①The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）

②The door is closed.门是关着的。（状态）

九．过去完成时：had 过去分词

1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：

①They had got everything ready before I came.

②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.

2．过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型结构中。例如：

①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.

=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.

②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.

=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.

注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首时要用部分倒装。

3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。例如：

①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.

②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.

十．将来完成时：shall / will have 过去分词。

表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。例如：

①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.

②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.

十一．现在完成进行时：have / has been 现在分词

1．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例如：

①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.

②He has been running after her for 8 years.

③I have been learning English since six years ago.

2．表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，例如：

①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

3.表某种感情色彩。例如：

①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.

②Who's been telling you such nonsense.

现在完成时与现在完成进行时对比：

现在完成时强调“结果”，而现在完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。例如：

①I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）

②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）

①Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）

②Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）

注意：表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如，我们可以说：I have known him for years.但是不能说：I have been knowing him for years.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love，like，hate等等。

十二．过去完成进行时：had been 现在分词

表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。例如：

①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.

②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.

十三．过去将来进行时：would be 现在分词

表示从过去某时看将来某个时侯正在进行的动作。例如：

①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.

②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.

十四．过去将来完成时：would have 过去分词

表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前动作已经完成。例如：

①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.

②I thought she would have told you something by then.

十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been 现在分词

表示某一动作从某时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去由上下文决定。例如：

①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.

②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.

③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.

十六. 过去将来完成进行时：would have been 现在分词

表示从过去的某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来的某一时间。动作是否继续进行，由上下文决定。例如：

①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.

②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.

被动语态

一 .被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be动词 及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中be动词本身没有意义，但有人称、单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)

常见各种时态对应的被动语态：（以do为例）

二.含有情态动词的被动语态：

由情态动词must/can/could/may/might/should/would be done构成。例如：

①The task must be finished before this weekend.

②He should be punished because he told lies.

③The book may be taken away by someone.

三. 被动语态的用法：

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语by sb.通常省略。例如：

①The streets are swept every day.

②His car has been stolen.

③Rice is grown in many countries.

④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.

2.带双宾语的及物动词变成被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。例如：

①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.

→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者

→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).

3.get 过去分词表被动，表示一种结果或状态。常见结构有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：

①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.

②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.

③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.

4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排别人把事情做好或谈论意外的、不好的事情。例如：

①I need to have my hair cut.

②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.

③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .

④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.

⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.

5.have sth to be done表示主动提出请求帮助别人做某事。例如：

①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?

②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?

③Do you have anything to be typed,sir?

四．主动形式表被动意义：

1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系动词 形容词或名词构成系表结构。例如：

①The ice feels cold.

②His plan proved practical.

2.表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：

①Work began at 7'clock this morning.

②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.

3.形容词easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：

①This kind of water is fit to drink.

②The text is easy to understand.

4.某些动词如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。例如：

①The clothes washes well.

②Your pen writes smoothly.

5.其他的主动表被动的情况。例如：

①The book is worth reading.

②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.

=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.

③Who is to blame?

高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·时态与语态

考点规律分析:动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看，主要涉及be 和 have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时，现在完成时等，但很少见。语法填空主要涉及动词的时态及语态的变化。

时态语态单句改错之真题训练：

1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop…

2. …and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.

3.Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the…

4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.

5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.

6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.

7. If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.

8.I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.

9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.

10. I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.

11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.

12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.

13. I’d like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very…

14.I remembered her words and calm down.

15.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to…

16. He said he is busy.

17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.

18.But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.

19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.

20.Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.

21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.

22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters.

23. I am always young when I was staying with them.

24.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.

25（2017·全国Ⅰ，73）....but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.

时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：

1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.

2. I phone the other students a moment ago.

3. We often played together when we are children.

4.What are you doing when I called you?

5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.

6. She doesn’t hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV.

7.We’ll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.

8. Please let me know if you will have any trouble.

9. He hurt his back when he is playing football with his classmates.

10. I’ll write to him when I finished the book.

11. Charles worked hard since leaving school.

12.In fact, I am very thin when I was young.

13. He’s kind to me. Though he is very busy, he still came to see me.

14. How long have you been here? How did you like our city?

15.As is known to us all, the earth turned around the sun.

16.I’m interested in English, so I spoke it better than the others do.

17.Don’t worry about it. I promise you I come to help you.

18. Now everything is dear. Even a small piece of bread cost one yuan.

19.Remember to turn off the lights before you will leave.

20.I forget to tell him the news. Shall we telephone him now?

时态语态单句改错之提升训练：

1. He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.

2. When he will come back， I’ll let you know.

3. He said that he has had the bike for two years.

4. I work on a farm in North China in the 1970s.

5. A new bridge was being built in our city at present.

6. I finished my homework before I left school.

7. I feel regretful now that I don’t study hard when I was in my high school.

8. If I am you, I would do it.

9. She buys a bike yesterday.

10. I come here in two days.

11. I don’t think we met before.

12. He taught here since he came to this town.

13. She said she would call me but I didn’t heard from her so far.

14. I am tired because I had been working all day.

15. Look! Here the bus coming.

16. I meet him in other time.

17. By this time tomorrow we have finished the work.

18. Sometimes I will get up at eight in the morning.

19. We have to cancel the match if it will rain tomorrow.

20. I didn’t seen my best friend for nearly two years.

时态语态单句语法填空之真题训练：

1.(2016·全国Ⅰ，62)I______________(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

2.(2016·全国Ⅱ，43)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ___________(be) often acceptable.

3.(2016·全国Ⅲ，42)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might ___________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.

4.(2016·全国Ⅲ，49)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ____________(be) too violent for use at the table.

5.(2016·北京，21)Jack___________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.

6.(2016·北京，25)I_____________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.

7.(2016·北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will_________ (reward) success in the end.

8.(2016·四川，阅读D)Night milk quickened the start of sleep and ___________(cause) the mice to sleep longer.

9.(2016·四川，61)The giant panda____________(love) by people throughout the world.

10.(2016·浙江，14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that ___________(reflect) my interest.

11.(2017·全国Ⅰ，64)When fat and salt________________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.

参考答案及解析

时态语态单句改错之真题训练：

1.stop改为stopped

2. is 改为 was

3.hurry 改为 hurried

4.第二个is 改为 was

5.had 改为 have

6.cost 改为 costs

7. 去掉 will

8.is 改为 was

9. have 改为 had

10.learn 改为learned

11. was 改为 is

12. am 改为 was

13. had 改为have

14.calm改为calmed

15. did 改为 do

16.is改为 was

17.passes 改为 passed

18.was 改为 is

19.apologize改为 apologized

20.talked改为 talk

21. find改为 found

22.treat改为 treated

23.am改为 was

24.using改为used　[be used for “被用来做”，为固定短语。]

25.goes改为went

时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：

1.tell 改为 told，因句中有表过去的时间状语just now(刚刚)。

2. phone 改为 phoned，因句中有表过去的时间状语a moment ago。

3. are 改为 were，因主句谓语为一般过去时。

4. are 改为 were，因从句谓语为一般过去时。

5. see 改为 saw，因下文用了 were talking。

6. doesn’t 改为 didn’t，因下文用了 was watching。

7. 去掉if从句中的 will，因条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

8. 去掉 will，因条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

9. is 改为 was，因主句中的hurt为一般过去时。

10. finished 改为finish，或在 finished 前加 have。即在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来意义，但这里也可用现在完成时表示完成。

11. worked 前加has，句中的 since 表示“自从……以来一直……”，即表示从过去持续到现在的一段时间，故用现在完成时。

12. am 改为 was，根据从句中的一般过去时可知 am 应改为 was。

13. came 改为 comes，根据前面的两处一般现在时可知。

14. did 改为 do，根据前面的现在完成时可知“你”现在还在我们城市，故后面一句问的是“你”现在对我们城市的看法。

15. turned 改为 turns。本句叙述的是客观真理，故用一般现在时。

16. spoke 改为 speak。全句叙述的是现在的情况。

17. come 前加 will，根据句意，此处应是将来时态。

18. cost 改为 costs，句子讲述的是现在的一般情况。

19. 去掉 will，时间状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

20. forget 改为 forgot，根据句意，此题的“忘记”应是指过去忘记。

时态语态单句改错之提升训练：

1. will改为would。宾语从句要用过去将来时态。

2. will come改为comes。时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来。

3. has改为had。宾语从句需用过去完成时。

4. work改为worked。此句要用一般过去时态。

5. was 改为is。从at present可知，此句用现在进行时。

6. finish前加had。离开学校是过去时态，在此之前完成就应用过去完成时。

7. don’t改为didn’t。定语从句表示的是过去时态。此句要用一般过去时。

8. am改为were。此句为虚拟语气，要用过去时。

9.buys改为bought。从yesterday可知，要用一般过去时。

10. come改为will come。从in the two days可知，谓语动词要用一般将来时。

11. met前加have。Before是表示过去，应用现在完成时态。

12. taught改为has taught。表示过去已经开始持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态，应用现在完成时态来表示。

13. didn’t改为haven’t。so far 迄今为止，用于现在完成时态。

14. had改为have。从am 可看出是现在时，其句中给出all day，应用现在完成进行时态。

15. coming改为comes。Here, there放在句首构成倒装时，其时态只用于一般现在时或一般过去时。

16. meet改为met。in other times从前，所以谓语动词要用一般过去时态。

17. have 前加shall。强调在将来某时刻为止时完成是某动作，应用将来完成时态。

18.去掉will。Sometimes有时，暗示句子要用一般现在时。

19. will rain改为rains。If引导的条件状语从句，要用一般现在时表将来。

20. didn’t 改为haven’t 。For nearly two years 暗示谓语动词要用现在完成时。

时态语态单句语法填空之真题训练：

1．was allowed　[根据语境及allow sb to do sth这一固定句式可知，我应该是被允许接近这些可爱的动物。]

2．is　[考查主谓一致和时态。本句的主语为动名词短语leaving the less...，动名词作主语谓语要用单数第三人称形式，且这里说的是一个客观事实，故要用is。]

3．be made　[考查语态。根据句意筷子是被制造的。]

4．were　[考查时态。此处were是与would remind 并列的谓语动词。]

5．was working　[考查时态。句意：杰克正在实验室里工作这时突然停电了。此题考查到句型be doing...when...结构。由occurred可知停电是发生在过去的某一具体时刻，故用was working。]

6．have read　[考查时态。句意：我已经读完这本英文小说的一半了，我会争取在周末读完。前一分句表示到现在已经完成的动作，与现在有联系，故用现在完成时。]

7. be rewarded　[考查时态和语态。句意：学生们一直努力学习他们的功课，他们的努力终将得到成功的回报。由句意可知，reward这一动作发生在have been working之后，故用将来时态，reward和efforts之间为被动关系，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。]

8．caused　[考查时态，和前面的quickened并列关系。]

9．is loved　[全世界的人都喜欢大熊猫。这里用一般现在时表示现状，panda与love之间为被动关系。]

10．reflected　[考查时态。句意：当最后决定选一门课程时，我决定申请那个反映兴趣的课程。主句用的一般过去时，从句也如此。]

11.are removed [考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐从食物中被去掉。分析可知，fat、salt与remove之间是被动关系，而且是一般现在时]

高考必考语法精讲精练

语法专题八：动词的时态和语态

动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有16种时态。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。

2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）考查了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived；第71题（短文改错）考查了think变为过去时thought；第75题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉been；第79题（短文改错）考查了将动词过去时的found变为现在时的find。

2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）考查了allow的一般过去时的被动语态was allowed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将过去时had变为现在时的have；77题（短文改错）考查了将using变为被动used。

2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了remove的一般现在时的被动语态are removed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将动词goes变成一般过去时went。

各种时态构成表：（以do为例）

一般时态

进行时态

完成时态

完成进行时态

现 在

do/does

is/am/are doing

has/have done

has/have been doing

过 去

did

was /were doing

had done

had been doing

将 来

shall/will do

shall/will be doing

shall/will have done

shall/will have been doing

过去将来

would do

would be doing

would have done

would have been doing

一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数

1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。

（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes

（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries

（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes

2．功能：

（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如：

①I have a dream.

②She loves music.

③Mary's parents get up very early.

（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等时间副词连用。例如：

①I always take a walk after supper.

②She writes to me very often.

③She is an English teacher.

（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如：

①The earth moves around the sun.

②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

③Two and two makes four.

④ No man but errs.

（4）表示将来发生的动作：

A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如：

① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.

② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.

③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.

④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.

B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如：

①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.

②When does the plane take off?

③He leaves for that city next week.

④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.

二．一般过去时：动词的过去式

1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如：

①We visited the school last spring.

②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.

③China was founded in 1949.

2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如：

①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.

②They would not leave until she came back.

③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.

三．一般将来时：shall / will 动词原形

1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：

①He will graduate from the college next year.

②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.

2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：

I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作be gonna）

①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.

②He is going to sell his house.

注意：be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will

①I will be sixteen years old next year.

②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.

③When he comes, I will give him your message.

II. is/am/are to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如：

①Am I to take over his work?

②We are to meet at the gate.

III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如：

①The talk is about to begin.

四．一般过去将来时：would 动词原形

1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如：

①He said that they would meet me at the station.

②She told me that she would come to see me.

2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。例如：

①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.

②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.

注意句型：

was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……

=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如：

①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.

②I was about to go shopping when it rained.

③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.

五．现在进行时：is / am / are 现在分词

1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：

①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?

②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.

2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：

①He is taking physics this semester.

②We are preparing for our final examination this week.

③Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight.

3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如：

① Look! The bus is coming.

②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.

③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.

4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。例如：

①He is always thinking of others.

②The boy is continually making noises.

③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.

六．过去进行时：was /were 现在分词

1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 例如：

①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.

②When I arrived, they were watching TV.

③They were doing housework this time last week.

2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如：

①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.

②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.

3．过去某时将发生的事。例如：

①They told me that they were leaving for New York.

②He was going out when I arrived.

七．将来进行时：shall / will be 现在分词

1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如：

①What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.

2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如：

①Will you be having supper with us this evening?

②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?

3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如：

①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.

②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.

八．现在完成时：have / has 过去分词

1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如：

①He hasn't seen her lately.

②I haven't finished the book yet.

2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），for a long time（很长时间），，in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（这些日子）。例如：

①He has worked here for 15 years.

②I have studied English since I came here.

③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.

④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.

3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。

I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。

II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。

III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：

①She has gone away for a month.（误）

②She has been away for a month （正）

①The man has died for two years.（误）

②The man has been dead for two years.（正）

①How long have you bought the book?（误）

②How long have you had the book.（正）

4．几组对比：

①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。

②He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。

①She has gone.她已走了。

②She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）

①The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）

②The door is closed.门是关着的。（状态）

九．过去完成时：had 过去分词

1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：

①They had got everything ready before I came.

②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.

2．过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型结构中。例如：

①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.

=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.

②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.

=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.

注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首时要用部分倒装。

3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。例如：

①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.

②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.

十．将来完成时：shall / will have 过去分词。

表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。例如：

①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.

②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.

十一．现在完成进行时：have / has been 现在分词

1．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例如：

①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.

②He has been running after her for 8 years.

③I have been learning English since six years ago.

2．表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，例如：

①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

3.表某种感情色彩。例如：

①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.

②Who's been telling you such nonsense.

现在完成时与现在完成进行时对比：

现在完成时强调“结果”，而现在完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。例如：

①I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）

②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）

①Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）

②Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）

注意：表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如，我们可以说：I have known him for years.但是不能说：I have been knowing him for years.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love，like，hate等等。

十二．过去完成进行时：had been 现在分词

表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。例如：

①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.

②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.

十三．过去将来进行时：would be 现在分词

表示从过去某时看将来某个时侯正在进行的动作。例如：

①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.

②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.

十四．过去将来完成时：would have 过去分词

表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前动作已经完成。例如：

①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.

②I thought she would have told you something by then.

十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been 现在分词

表示某一动作从某时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去由上下文决定。例如：

①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.

②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.

③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.

十六. 过去将来完成进行时：would have been 现在分词

表示从过去的某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来的某一时间。动作是否继续进行，由上下文决定。例如：

①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.

②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.

被动语态

一 .被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be动词 及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中be动词本身没有意义，但有人称、单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)

常见各种时态对应的被动语态：（以do为例）

一般时态

完成时态

进行时态

完成进行时态

现 在

is /am/are done

has/have been done

is/am/are being done

无

过 去

was/were done

had been done

was /were being done

无

将 来

shall /will be done

shall/will have been done

无

无

过去将来

would be done

would have been done

无

无

二.含有情态动词的被动语态：

由情态动词must/can/could/may/might/should/would be done构成。例如：

①The task must be finished before this weekend.

②He should be punished because he told lies.

③The book may be taken away by someone.

三. 被动语态的用法：

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语by sb.通常省略。例如：

①The streets are swept every day.

②His car has been stolen.

③Rice is grown in many countries.

④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.

2.带双宾语的及物动词变成被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。例如：

①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.

→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者

→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).

3.get 过去分词表被动，表示一种结果或状态。常见结构有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：

①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.

②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.

③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.

4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排别人把事情做好或谈论意外的、不好的事情。例如：

①I need to have my hair cut.

②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.

③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .

④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.

⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.

5.have sth to be done表示主动提出请求帮助别人做某事。例如：

①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?

②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?

③Do you have anything to be typed,sir?

四．主动形式表被动意义：

1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系动词 形容词或名词构成系表结构。例如：

①The ice feels cold.

②His plan proved practical.

2.表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：

①Work began at 7'clock this morning.

②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.

3.形容词easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：

①This kind of water is fit to drink.

②The text is easy to understand.

4.某些动词如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。例如：

①The clothes washes well.

②Your pen writes smoothly.

5.其他的主动表被动的情况。例如：

①The book is worth reading.

②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.

=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.

③Who is to blame?

高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·时态与语态

考点规律分析:动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看，主要涉及be 和 have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时，现在完成时等，但很少见。语法填空主要涉及动词的时态及语态的变化。

时态语态单句改错之真题训练：

1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop…

2. …and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.

3.Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the…

4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.

5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.

6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.

7. If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.

8.I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.

9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.

10. I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.

11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.

12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.

13. I’d like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very…

14.I remembered her words and calm down.

15.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to…

16. He said he is busy.

17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.

18.But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.

19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.

20.Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.

21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.

22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters.

23. I am always young when I was staying with them.

24.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.

25（2017·全国Ⅰ，73）....but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.

时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：

1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.

2. I phone the other students a moment ago.

3. We often played together when we are children.

4.What are you doing when I called you?

5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.

6. She doesn’t hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV.

7.We’ll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.

8. Please let me know if you will have any trouble.

9. He hurt his back when he is playing football with his classmates.

10. I’ll write to him when I finished the book.

11. Charles worked hard since leaving school.

12.In fact, I am very thin when I was young.

13. He’s kind to me. Though he is very busy, he still came to see me.

14. How long have you been here? How did you like our city?

15.As is known to us all, the earth turned around the sun.

16.I’m interested in English, so I spoke it better than the others do.

17.Don’t worry about it. I promise you I come to help you.

18. Now everything is dear. Even a small piece of bread cost one yuan.

19.Remember to turn off the lights before you will leave.

20.I forget to tell him the news. Shall we telephone him now?

时态语态单句改错之提升训练：

1. He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.

2. When he will come back， I’ll let you know.

3. He said that he has had the bike for two years.

4. I work on a farm in North China in the 1970s.

5. A new bridge was being built in our city at present.

6. I finished my homework before I left school.

7. I feel regretful now that I don’t study hard when I was in my high school.

8. If I am you, I would do it.

9. She buys a bike yesterday.

10. I come here in two days.

11. I don’t think we met before.

12. He taught here since he came to this town.

13. She said she would call me but I didn’t heard from her so far.

14. I am tired because I had been working all day.

15. Look! Here the bus coming.

16. I meet him in other time.

17. By this time tomorrow we have finished the work.

18. Sometimes I will get up at eight in the morning.

19. We have to cancel the match if it will rain tomorrow.

20. I didn’t seen my best friend for nearly two years.

时态语态单句语法填空之真题训练：

1.(2016·全国Ⅰ，62)I______________(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

2.(2016·全国Ⅱ，43)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ___________(be) often acceptable.

3.(2016·全国Ⅲ，42)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might ___________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.

4.(2016·全国Ⅲ，49)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ____________(be) too violent for use at the table.

5.(2016·北京，21)Jack___________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.

6.(2016·北京，25)I_____________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.

7.(2016·北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will_________ (reward) success in the end.

8.(2016·四川，阅读D)Night milk quickened the start of sleep and ___________(cause) the mice to sleep longer.

9.(2016·四川，61)The giant panda____________(love) by people throughout the world.

10.(2016·浙江，14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that ___________(reflect) my interest.

11.(2017·全国Ⅰ，64)When fat and salt________________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.

学习札记：

参考答案及解析

时态语态单句改错之真题训练：

1.stop改为stopped

2. is 改为 was

3.hurry 改为 hurried

4.第二个is 改为 was

5.had 改为 have

6.cost 改为 costs

7. 去掉 will

8.is 改为 was

9. have 改为 had

10.learn 改为learned

11. was 改为 is

12. am 改为 was

13. had 改为have

14.calm改为calmed

15. did 改为 do

16.is改为 was

17.passes 改为 passed

18.was 改为 is

19.apologize改为 apologized

20.talked改为 talk

21. find改为 found

22.treat改为 treated

23.am改为 was

24.using改为used　[be used for “被用来做”，为固定短语。]

25.goes改为went

时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：

1.tell 改为 told，因句中有表过去的时间状语just now(刚刚)。

2. phone 改为 phoned，因句中有表过去的时间状语a moment ago。

3. are 改为 were，因主句谓语为一般过去时。

4. are 改为 were，因从句谓语为一般过去时。

5. see 改为 saw，因下文用了 were talking。

6. doesn’t 改为 didn’t，因下文用了 was watching。

7. 去掉if从句中的 will，因条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

8. 去掉 will，因条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

9. is 改为 was，因主句中的hurt为一般过去时。

10. finished 改为finish，或在 finished 前加 have。即在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来意义，但这里也可用现在完成时表示完成。

11. worked 前加has，句中的 since 表示“自从……以来一直……”，即表示从过去持续到现在的一段时间，故用现在完成时。

12. am 改为 was，根据从句中的一般过去时可知 am 应改为 was。

13. came 改为 comes，根据前面的两处一般现在时可知。

14. did 改为 do，根据前面的现在完成时可知“你”现在还在我们城市，故后面一句问的是“你”现在对我们城市的看法。

15. turned 改为 turns。本句叙述的是客观真理，故用一般现在时。

16. spoke 改为 speak。全句叙述的是现在的情况。

17. come 前加 will，根据句意，此处应是将来时态。

18. cost 改为 costs，句子讲述的是现在的一般情况。

19. 去掉 will，时间状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

20. forget 改为 forgot，根据句意，此题的“忘记”应是指过去忘记。

时态语态单句改错之提升训练：

1. will改为would。宾语从句要用过去将来时态。

2. will come改为comes。时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来。

3. has改为had。宾语从句需用过去完成时。

4. work改为worked。此句要用一般过去时态。

5. was 改为is。从at present可知，此句用现在进行时。

6. finish前加had。离开学校是过去时态，在此之前完成就应用过去完成时。

7. don’t改为didn’t。定语从句表示的是过去时态。此句要用一般过去时。

8. am改为were。此句为虚拟语气，要用过去时。

9.buys改为bought。从yesterday可知，要用一般过去时。

10. come改为will come。从in the two days可知，谓语动词要用一般将来时。

11. met前加have。Before是表示过去，应用现在完成时态。

12. taught改为has taught。表示过去已经开始持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态，应用现在完成时态来表示。

13. didn’t改为haven’t。so far 迄今为止，用于现在完成时态。

14. had改为have。从am 可看出是现在时，其句中给出all day，应用现在完成进行时态。

15. coming改为comes。Here, there放在句首构成倒装时，其时态只用于一般现在时或一般过去时。

16. meet改为met。in other times从前，所以谓语动词要用一般过去时态。

17. have 前加shall。强调在将来某时刻为止时完成是某动作，应用将来完成时态。

18.去掉will。Sometimes有时，暗示句子要用一般现在时。

19. will rain改为rains。If引导的条件状语从句，要用一般现在时表将来。

20. didn’t 改为haven’t 。For nearly two years 暗示谓语动词要用现在完成时。

时态语态单句语法填空之真题训练：

1．was allowed　[根据语境及allow sb to do sth这一固定句式可知，我应该是被允许接近这些可爱的动物。]

2．is　[考查主谓一致和时态。本句的主语为动名词短语leaving the less...，动名词作主语谓语要用单数第三人称形式，且这里说的是一个客观事实，故要用is。]

3．be made　[考查语态。根据句意筷子是被制造的。]

4．were　[考查时态。此处were是与would remind 并列的谓语动词。]

5．was working　[考查时态。句意：杰克正在实验室里工作这时突然停电了。此题考查到句型be doing...when...结构。由occurred可知停电是发生在过去的某一具体时刻，故用was working。]

6．have read　[考查时态。句意：我已经读完这本英文小说的一半了，我会争取在周末读完。前一分句表示到现在已经完成的动作，与现在有联系，故用现在完成时。]

7. be rewarded　[考查时态和语态。句意：学生们一直努力学习他们的功课，他们的努力终将得到成功的回报。由句意可知，reward这一动作发生在have been working之后，故用将来时态，reward和efforts之间为被动关系，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。]

8．caused　[考查时态，和前面的quickened并列关系。]

9．is loved　[全世界的人都喜欢大熊猫。这里用一般现在时表示现状，panda与love之间为被动关系。]

10．reflected　[考查时态。句意：当最后决定选一门课程时，我决定申请那个反映兴趣的课程。主句用的一般过去时，从句也如此。]

11.are removed [考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐从食物中被去掉。分析可知，fat、salt与remove之间是被动关系，而且是一般现在时]

,