孙子兵法文言文电子版（孙子兵法11九地篇）

《孙子兵法》是中国现存最早的兵书，也是世界上最早的军事著作，被誉为“兵学圣典”。共有六千字左右，一共十三篇。（1 始计篇；2 作战篇；3 谋攻篇；4 军形篇；5 兵势篇；6 虚实篇；7 军争篇；8 九变篇；9 行军篇；10 地形篇；11 九地篇；12 火攻篇；13 用间篇）

内容涵盖国家战略、军事战略、治军理念、战斗战术。

孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。诸侯自战其地，为散地。入人之地不深者，为轻地。我得则利，彼得亦利者，为争地。我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为圮地。所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地。疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，圮地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。

孙子说：按用兵的规律，战地可分为散地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围地、死地等九类。诸侯在自己的领地上与敌作战，这样的地区叫做散地；进入敌境不深的地区，叫做轻地；我先占领对我有利，敌先占领对敌有利的地区，叫做争地；我军可以去，敌军可以来的地区，叫做交地；敌我和其它诸侯国接壤的地区，先到就可以结交诸侯国并取得多数支援的，叫做衢地；深入敌境，越过许多敌人城邑的地区，叫做重地；山林、险阻、沼泽等道路难行的地区，叫做圮地；进入的道路狭隘，退出的道路迂远，敌人以少数兵力能击败我众多兵力的地区，叫做围地；迅速奋战则能生存，不迅速奋战就会被消灭的地区，叫做死地。因此，在散地不宜作战；在轻地不可停留；遇争地应先敌占领，如敌人已先占领，不可强攻；在交地，军队部署应互相连接，防敌阻绝；在衢地则应结交邻国；在重地则应夺取物资，就地补给；在妃地则应迅速通过；陷入围地则应巧设奇谋；在死地要迅猛奋战，死里求生。

圮 pǐ，本意是塌坏；坍塌，引申义是断绝、隔绝；倾覆； 伤害。

Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.

When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.

When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.

Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.

Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.

Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens — all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.

Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.

Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.

On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.

On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.

On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.

On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.

dispersive [dɪ'spɜːsɪv] 色散的；分散的；扩散的；分散性；

facile ['fæ.saɪl] 轻率作出的；不动脑筋的；轻易可得的；得来容易的；随和的；肤浅的；流畅的；

hemmed-in 裹足不前；蛰伏；

plunder ['plʌndər] 掠夺；抢掠；（尤指战争中）掠夺的财物；v.掠夺；

所谓古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。敢问：“敌众整而将来，待之若何？”曰：“先夺其所爱，则听矣。”

古时善于指挥打仗的人，能够使敌人前后部队无法相顾及，主力与小部队不能相依靠，官兵不能相救援，上下隔断，不能收拢，士卒溃散，不能聚集，即使聚集也很不整齐。即使在这样的条件下，也要坚持有利就行动，不利就停止的原则。试问：“如果敌军众多而且阵势齐整地向我进攻，该如何对付它呢？”回答是：“先夺取敌人的要害之处，这样，敌人就会被迫听任我的摆布了。”

Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.

When the enemy's men were scattered, they prevented them from concentrating; even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.

When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.

If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: “Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will.”

wedge [wedʒ] 楔子；三角木；楔形物；用作楔子的东西；将…挤入（或塞进、插入）；把…楔牢（或楔住）

兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

用兵之理，贵在神速，乘敌人措手不及的时机，走敌人意料不到的道路，攻击敌人不加戒备的地方。

Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.

凡为客之道：深入则专，主人不克；掠于饶野，三军足食；谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。投之无所往，死且不北，死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固。深入则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟。偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往者，诸、刿之勇也。

凡是进入敌国作战的原则：深入敌境则军心专一，敌军无法胜我；在富饶地区夺取粮秣，使全军得到充足的给养；注意保养士卒的体力，勿使疲劳，提高士气，积蓄力量；部署兵力，巧设计谋，使敌人无法揣测我之企图。把部队置于无路可走的境地，死也不会败退；既然士卒死都不怕，就会尽力作战了。士卒深陷危地，就无所畏惧；无路可走，军心就能稳固；拂人敌国，军心就不会涣散；迫不得已就会拼死战斗。因此，这样的军队不待修整，都懂得戒备，不待筑励，都会竭尽全力战斗，不待约束，都能亲近相助，不待申令，都会信守纪律。禁止迷信，消除部队的疑虑，即使战死也不退避。我军士卒舍弃多余的财物，并不是厌恶财物；不怕牺牲生命，并不是他们不想长寿。当作战命令下达的时候，士卒们坐着的泪水沾湿了衣襟，躺着的则泪流面颊。把军队置于无路可走的绝境，就会像专诸、曹刿那样的勇敢了。

The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.

Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.

Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.

Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.

Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.

Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.

Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.

If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.

On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.

foray [ˈfɔreɪz] 突袭；侵略；尝试；冒险；

on the qui vive 警戒着，时时提防着；

omen ['oʊmən] 预兆；预示；征兆；远古封印之预兆；欧曼斯；

do away with 除去,废除,取消; 杀掉, 镇压；

故善用兵者，譬如率然；率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问：“兵可使如率然乎？”曰：“可。”夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也；齐勇若一，政之道也；刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。

所以，善于用兵打仗的人，能使部队像“率然”一样。所谓“率然”，乃是常山的一种蛇，打它的头，尾巴就来救应，打它的尾，头就来救应，打它的中部，头尾都来救应。试问：“可以使军队像率然一样吗？”回答是：“可以。”吴国人与越国人虽然互相仇视，可是，当他们同船渡河时，如遇大风，也能互相救援，犹如一个人的左右手一样。因此，想用系住马匹、埋起车轮的办法来稳定军队，那是靠不住的。要使全军齐心奋勇，在于组织指挥得法；要使强弱都能各尽其力，在于恰当地利用地形。所以，善于用兵的人，提挚三军就像使用一人那样容易，这是由于把士卒置于不得已的境地而造成的。

The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the Ch'ang mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both.

Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.

Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground

The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.

How to make the best of both strong and weak — that is a question involving the proper use of ground.

Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.

tether ['teðər] (拴牛马等的)系绳；(知识,力量,权限等的)限度；(用绳,铁链)拴系；拘束；网络共享；数据共享；系链；

willy-nilly [.wɪli 'nɪli] 不管愿意不愿意；无论想要不想要；随意地；乱糟糟地；拖延的；犹豫不决的；

将军之事：静以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知。易其事，革其谋，使人无识；易其居，迂其途，使人不得虑。帅与之期，如登高而去其梯；帅与之深入诸侯之地，而发其机，焚舟破釜，若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。聚三军之众，投之于险，此谓将军之事也。九地之变，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察。

统率军队这种事情，要镇静以求深思，严正而有条理。能蒙蔽士卒的耳目，使他们对军事计划毫无所知；战法经常变化，计谋不断更新，使人们不能识破；驻军常改变驻地，进军迂回绕道，使人们无法推断行动意图。将帅赋予军队任务，要像登高而抽去梯子一样，使他们有进无退。率领军队深入诸侯国土，要像击发弯机射出箭一样，使其一往直前。烧掉船只，砸烂军锅，表示必死决心；像驱赶羊群一样，赶过去，赶过来，使他们不知道到底要到哪里去。聚集全军上卒，投置于危险的境地，使他们拚死奋战，这便是将军的责任。根据不同地区采取不同的行动方针，适应情况，伸缩进返，掌握士卒在不同情况下的心理状态。这些，都是将帅不能不认真考察和仔细研究的。

It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.

He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.

By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.

At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.

He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he is going.

To muster his host and bring it into danger: — this may be termed the business of the general.

The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.

circuitous [sər'kjuɪtəs] 迂回的；绕道的；曲折的；绕行的；间接；迂曲；

凡为客之道：深则专，浅则散。去国越境而师者，绝地也；四达者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入浅者，轻地也；背固前隘者，围地也；无所往者，死地也。

深入敌国作战的规律是：进入敌境越深，士卒就越专心一致，进入得浅，士卒就容易逃散。离开本国，越过邻国进入敌国作战的地区，叫做绝地；四通八达的地区叫衢地；进入敌境深的地区叫重地；进入敌境浅的地区叫轻地；后险前狭的地区叫围地；无处可走的地区叫死地。

When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.

When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighbourhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.

When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.

When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.

cohesion [koʊ'hiʒ(ə)n] 内聚力；结合；凝聚性；黏合；凝聚力；衔接；内聚性；

stronghold ['strɔŋ.hoʊld] 据点；要塞；中心点；根据地；营垒；废弃地；

是故散地，吾将一其志；轻地，吾将使之属；争地，吾将趋其后；交地，吾将谨其守；衢地，吾将固其结；重地，吾将继其食；圮地，吾将进其涂；围地，吾将塞其阙；死地，吾将示之以不活。

因此，在散地，我就要使军队专心一致；在轻地，我就要使部队相连接；遇争地，就要迅速前出到它的后面；逢交地，我就要谨慎防守；在衢地，就要巩固与诸侯国的结盟；人重地，就要保证军队粮食的不断供应；经纪地，就要迅速通过；陷入围地，就要堵塞缺口；到了死地，就要显示死战的决心。

Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.

On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.

On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences. On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.

On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.

On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.

故兵之情，围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；不知山林，险阻，沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利；四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚；威加于敌，则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，故其城可拔，其国可隳。施无法之赏，悬无政之令，犯三军之众，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。

隳（huī），(1)毁坏城墙或山头；(2)又如：隳堕(毁坏;动摇)；(3)怠惰。通“惰” 。

士卒的心理状态，被包围就会协力抵御，迫不得已就会拼死战斗，陷于危险的境地，就会听从指挥。不了解列国诸侯计谋的，不能与它们结交；不熟悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形的，不能行军；不使用向导的，不能得地利。对于“九地”的利害，有一样不了解，就不能算是霸王的军队。霸王的军队，攻伐大国，可使其军民来不及动员、集聚；威力加在敌人头上，可使其无法与别国结交。因此，不必争着和别的诸侯国结交，也不必在别的诸侯国培植自己的权势，只要依靠自己的力量，把威力加之于敌，就可以拔取其城邑，毁灭其国家。施行超出法定的奖赏，颁发打破常规的号令，指挥全军之众加同使唤一个人一样。驱使士卒执行任务，而不告诉他们意图；只告知他们有利的一面，而不告诉他们有什么危害。

For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.

We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country — its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.

To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.

When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.

Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.

Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.

Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.

overawe 威压；威慑；吓住；使畏缩；

sundry ['sʌndri] 杂项的；各式各样的；杂费；各种各样的；

antagonist [æn'tæɡənɪst] 反对者；对抗者；【解】对抗肌；【医】对抗剂；拮抗剂；拮抗肌；反派；

投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。

把士卒投入危地才能保存，使士卒陷入死地然后才能得生。士卒陷于危险的境地，然后才能力争胜利。

Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.

For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.

故为兵之事，在于顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，此谓巧能成事者也。

所以，指挥作战，在于假装顺从敌人意图，一旦有机可乘，便集中兵力指向敌人一点。这样，即使长驱千里，也可擒杀敌将。这就是所谓巧妙能成大事的意思。

Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.

By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.

This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.

hanging on 坚守；守住；坚持；支撑着；挂在；挂着；守护；

flank [flæŋk] 侧面；（建筑物、山等的）侧面；（动物的）胁腹；

是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使；厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。敌人开阖，必亟入之。先其所爱，微与之期。践墨随敌，以决战事。是故始如处女，敌人开户，后如脱兔，敌不及拒。

因此，当决定战争行动的时候，就要封锁关口，销毁通行符证，停止与敌国的使节往来，在庙堂上反复计议，研究决定作战大计。一旦发现敌人有隙可乘，就要迅速乘机而入。首先要夺取敌人最关紧要的地方，而不要同敌人约期交战。实施计划要随着敌情的变化而不断加以改变，以求战争的胜利。所以，战争开始要像处女一样沉静，不露声色，使敌放松戒备，战争展开之后，要像脱兔一样迅速行动，使敌人来不及抵抗。

On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.

Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.

If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.

Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.

Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.

At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.

tally ['tæli] 记录；积分表；账；吻合；（说法、数字等）与…符合（或一致）；符木；符契；计数表；

forestall [fɔr'stɔl] 预先阻止；在（他人）之前行动；先发制人；预防；垄断；抢先；

coyness 羞怯；怕羞；矜持；

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