初中英语句式结构分类大全（初中英语语法第13季）

初中英语语法第13季：第13季 句子成分，种类与结构

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分，包括：主语，谓语，表语，宾语，补足语，定语，状语和同位语。

主语：

1，My room is big and clean（名词）

2，This is all i want（代词）

3，Three is enough for each of us（数词）

4，The wounded were saved（名词化形容词）

5，To become a nurse is my wish（不定式）

6，Remembering so many new words is really hard（V-ing）

7，What we can't get seems better than what we have（从句）

谓语：表述主语的行为动作或状态，中心词是限定动词，有人称，数，时态变化。

1，简单谓语（一个动词/短语动词作谓语）

·what happened last night？I heard lots of noise

·My father often comes back late

2，复合谓语（常见2种）

·Jeff can't come to the party（情态动词 动词原形）

·Our school becomes more beautiful and more famous（连系动词 表语）

表语：与连系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的特征，属性，状态，身份等。

1，He turend doctor after school（名词）

2，You are many，but they are few（代词）

3，I’m eighteen.（数词）

4，He is very beautiful（形容词）

5，She is interested in the film/the film is not interesting（V-ed和V-ing）

6，To see is to believe（不定式）

7，Is anybody in？（副词）

8，My hometown is among mountains（介词）

9，It was because he didn't pass the exam（从句）

宾语：动作的对象或承受者，一般由名词，代词，数词，动名词，不定式，从句等充当。宾语有单宾语，双宾语和复合宾语等形式。

1，you can leave your pet with me while traveling（名词）

2，How about you？（代词）

3，if you put 5 and 7 together，you’ll get 12.（数词）

4，We should help the poor（名词化的形容词）

5，Remember to tell him to come/i'm thinking about when to start my new job（不定式/疑问词 不定式）

6，Please stop making noise（V-ing）

7，Do you understand what I mean？（从句）

补足语：有些动词除需要宾语外，还需要有宾语补足语，这样句子意义才完整，宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，这是判断宾语补足语的主要依据。含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时，宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。

1，We all find him funny(形容词）

2，Will you please invite all of them in?(副词）

3，He was once again found wandering along the city street（V-ing）

定语：描述名词或代词的修饰语，常和名词构成名词短语，分前置定语和后置定语两种。

1，前置定语

·They had a wonderful time yesterday（形容词）

·Put some milk into this glass（代词）

·She cut the cake into two pieces（数词）

·this is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods（名词）

·Put the child into the sleeping bag（V-ing）

2，后置定语

·I have got something interesting to tell everyone（形容词）

·the buildings around were badly damaged in the fire（副词）

·the books on the top shelf were just bought（介词短语）

·Let's try another way to do this（不定式）

状语：修饰动词，形容词或副词等的句子成分。表示时间，地点，方式，比较，程度，目的，结果，条件，原因，让步等。充当状语的有副词，介词短语，不定式，V-ing，V-ed，形容词以及从句等。

Arriving there，remember to call me up（时间状语）

Don't step on the grass，for it is growing（地点状语）

He speaks Englihs very fast（方式状语）

We live to work not work to live（目的状语）

If it snows，we will build a snowman（条件状语）

Not knowing the road，I lost my way（原因状语）

同位语：对句子某一成分作进一步的解释说明，与前面的名词，代词等在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分。常常被置于被补充说明的词之后，可由名词，代词，数词和从句等充当。

1，We have two foreign teachers，a Canadian and an American（名词）

2，They each can get a chance to travel by air（代词）

3，Are you three ready to start out？（数词）

4，The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow（从句）

独立成分：与句子没有关系或关系不密切，独立于句子之外的成分。感叹词，称呼语和插入语时英语种常见的3种独立成分。

1，Well，I think it's a good idea anyway（感叹词）

2，Look out，John！There's a car running over！（称呼语）

3，This is the best chance，I think，that you can win（插入语）

句子种类：按照使用目的和交际功能可分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句

陈述句：叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法，态度等，句尾用句号，一般读作降调。

1，陈述句的肯定形式（2种语序）

·I know you will come whatever difficulty you might come across（正常语序）

·Here comes the bus full of children from the US!（倒装语序）

2，陈述句的否定形式

·I am not good at Chinese（be动词 not）

·I have not heard the latest news（助动词 not）

·She cannot play the piano well（情态动词 not）

·We don't go to school on Sundays（Do/does not）

·I have never been to China（表否定意义的词no/never/seldom/hardly/nobody等）

疑问句：

1，一般疑问句（对某一情况的“是”“否”提出疑问的句子叫一般疑问句，通常用yes或no来回答）

·Are your parents doctors？（be 主语 表语...？）

·Did you enjoy yourself in our city？（助动词 主语 谓语...?)

·Is her sister doing her homework now？(be 主语 实义动词...?)

·Can you bring me some apples？（情态动词 主语 谓语...?）

答语：一般疑问句一般用yes或no来回答，也可以用其他表示肯定或否定的词回答，如certainly，surely，of course，I think so，all right，certainly not，not at all，never，sorry，not yet，I’m afraid not等。

省略形式的一般疑问句（在非正式问题中，常用一般疑问句的省略形式）：

·Anything the matter？出了什么问题吗？

·In trouble？

·Want some coffee？

·Got any news？

·Need a hand？

注意：

在拒绝要请时，一般不直接说no，而需讲明原因：

·Could you come to tea on Sunday?--That’s very nice of you, but I’m afraid...

回答否定句式的一般疑问句时，应根据事实情况作答并保持“yes 肯定句”和“no 否定句”的一致，yes译成“不”，no译成“是”：

·Haven't you been to England？--No，I haven't是的，没去过/Yes，I have不，我去过。

2，特殊疑问句（就句中某一部分进行提问的疑问句叫特殊疑问句）：

基本结构：特殊疑问词 be/助动词/情态动词（ 主语） 其他？

·Where were you at that time？

·When did you arrive there？

·How can you do that？

·Which song do you like better？

·What does your father do？

·Who is that girl？

·What is flying in the sky？

·Whose bike is this？

答语：要根据特殊疑问词来确定，不用yes或no，回答时可以用一个词或短语，也可以用一个完整的句子

·What is your brother doing？--Watering the flowers/He is watering the flowers

3，选择疑问句（对问题提出两个或以上的答案，供对方选择其一。这种疑问句有2种形式，一是以一般疑问句为基础，另一种以特殊疑问句为基础，选择部分用or链接，答语必须是完整的句子或省略形式，不能用yes或no）

·Is your mother a teacher or a doctor？--She is a doctor

·Would you like chicken，beef or pork？--beef

·Do you go to school by bike or on foot---on foot

4，反意疑问句（在陈述句后福建一个简短问句，提出对前面陈述句所陈述事情的肯定或否定的意见，或希望事实得到证实。需遵循“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，附加问句的主语和动词及时态均需与陈述部分一致，且主语用人称代词）

·This magazine is yours，isn't it？这本杂志是你的，不是吗？

·Lucy often goes to the theatre，doesn't she？路西经常去看戏，不是吗？

·He doesn't like his job，does he？他不喜欢他的工作，是吗？

·He is not good at playing the violin，is she？他不擅长拉小提琴，是吗？

答语：不管反义疑问句前的陈述句是肯定还是否定，回答都要根据事实情况，保持“yes 肯定句”和“no 否定句”的一致。陈述部分为否定形式，疑问部分为肯定形式的反义疑问句答语，yes译作“不，no译作”是“

·She can speak French，can't she？她会说法语，是不是？

--Yes，she can是，她会/No，She can't不，她不会

·You didn't attend the conference，did you？你没参加会议，是吧？

--No，I didn't是的，我没参加/Yes，I did不，我参加了

陈述句的主语是不定代词no one，none，nobody，everyone，someone，everybody，somebody等时，其附加问句的主语强调全部时可用they，强调个体时常用he。

·No one phoned me while I was out，did they？

·Everyone is having a good time，aren't they？

·Someone is expecting you，isn't he？

陈述句的主语时复合不定代词everything，anything，something，nothing等时，附加问句的主语用it

·Everything goes well with you，doesn't it？

·Nothing has been considered about this meeting，has it？

陈述句的主语是不定代词one，附加问句的主语在正式场合用one，非正式场合用you

·One can't be too careful，can one/you？我们必须十分小心，对吧？

陈述句的主语是指示代词时，附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词，即this/that后相应用it；these/those后相应用they。

·That was a hundred years ago，wasn't it？

·those are yours，aren't they？

陈述句为there be句型时，其后的附加问句仍用there：

·There will be a special exhibition tomorrow，won’t there?

情态动词must的用法，应由它在陈述句中的意义在确定

意义	陈述句	附加问句
必须，禁止	You must send for a doctor immediately	mustn't you？好不好？
	You mustn't walk on the grass	must you？知不知道？
有必要	We must have a discussion this evening	needn't we？是不是？
一定，想必	You must be very tired（对现在情况的推测）	aren't you？是不是？
	It must have rained last night（对过去情况的推测）	didn't it？是不是？
	He must have studied English for many years（对已经完成情况的推测）	hasn't he？是不是？

陈述句中有情态动词used to时，附加问句的动词可用used也可用did

·She used to study in Russia，usedn't/didn't she？

陈述句中由had better时，附加问句用hadn't或shouldn't：

·You'd better remain calm when in danger，hadn't/shouldn't you？

陈述句中由have to 时，附加问句的动词不用have，而应与陈述句中的助动词一致：

·We have to get up at four tomorrow，don't we？

·You will have to wait for him，won't you？

陈述句中带有no，never，nothing，nowhere，rarely，hardly，seldom，few，little等表否定意义的词时，附加问句一般用肯定式；如陈述部分只是用了带否定词缀的派生词helpless，hopeless，useless，unable，unfair等，附加问句用否定式：

·You have never read this book，have you？

·You dislike playing the piano，don't you？

肯定祈使句后面的附加问句一般用will you或won't you：

·Leave all the things as they are，will you/won't you？

以Let's开头的祈使句后面的附加问句要用shall we；而以Let us/Let me开头的祈使句后面的附加问句应用will you？

·Let's try another way，shall we？

·Let us/me have a try，will you？

否定祈使句后面的附加问句除了用will you外，也可用can you：

·Don't make much noise，will you/can you？

陈述句如果式并列句，附加问句与邻近的分句一致：

Bob speaks English，but his wife speaks German，doesn't she？

陈述句如是一个主从复合句，附加问句一般要与主句一致；如陈述部分是“i'm sure，i'm afraid，i don't think（suppose，expect，imagine，believe等） 宾语从句”结构时，附加问句应与从句一致，单要主语陈述部分的否定转移现象：

·He said that Mary was late for the lecture，didn't he？

·I’m sure that our experiment will succeed,won’t it?

·I don't think she can finish it on own，can she？

祈使句：表请求或命令的句子叫祈使句，无时态和数的词形变化，用动词原形。

1，第二人称祈使句（通常省略主语）

·Be sure to come on time请务必按时来

·Don't ever do that again！请不要再做那样的事了！

注意：有时为了强调知名向谁提出要求或命令，主语也可表示出来，这时，主语需重读。

·You，close the window！你，关上窗户！

·Do be careful next time下次务必小心

2，第一/三人称祈使句（通常以let开头）

·Let me tell you the answer if you can't work it out

·Let’s have a rest

·Don't let anyone disturb you

·Let the children not make much noise

3，其他形式的祈使句

·No entry禁止入内

·No parking禁止停车

·No smoking禁止吸烟

·Out with it！说出来吧！

·Beg your pardon请原谅

感叹句：表喜怒哀乐等感情的句子，一般用how或what引导，how作状语修饰形容词，副词或句子；what作定语修饰名词（名词前可有形容词或冠词）：

1，how引导的感叹句：

·How beautiful a place it is多漂亮的地方啊！

·How surprising it is that you should not know what has happend

·How much I wish to join the football club！

·How you are working！你工作真卖力！

2，what 引导的感叹句：

·What a beautiful place it is！

·What interesting books you've bought us！

·What great fun surfing on the Internet is！

注意：可数名词复数/不可数名词前有形容词修饰并且在句中不作主语时，只能用what引导

·What good news it is！✔ How good news it is❌

·What great changes we have had these years ✔ How great changes we have had...❌

陈述句中有情态动词used to时，附加问句的动词可用used也可用did

·She used to study in Russia，usedn't/didn't she？

陈述句中由had better时，附加问句用hadn't或shouldn't：

·You'd better remain calm when in danger，hadn't/shouldn't you？

陈述句中由have to 时，附加问句的动词不用have，而应与陈述句中的助动词一致：

·We have to get up at four tomorrow，don't we？

·You will have to wait for him，won't you？

陈述句中带有no，never，nothing，nowhere，rarely，hardly，seldom，few，little等表否定意义的词时，附加问句一般用肯定式；如陈述部分只是用了带否定词缀的派生词helpless，hopeless，useless，unable，unfair等，附加问句用否定式：

·You have never read this book，have you？

·You dislike playing the piano，don't you？

肯定祈使句后面的附加问句一般用will you或won't you：

·Leave all the things as they are，will you/won't you？

以Let's开头的祈使句后面的附加问句要用shall we；而以Let us/Let me开头的祈使句后面的附加问句应用will you？

·Let's try another way，shall we？

·Let us/me have a try，will you？

否定祈使句后面的附加问句除了用will you外，也可用can you：

·Don't make much noise，will you/can you？

陈述句如果式并列句，附加问句与邻近的分句一致：

Bob speaks English，but his wife speaks German，doesn't she？

陈述句如是一个主从复合句，附加问句一般要与主句一致；如陈述部分是“i'm sure，i'm afraid，i don't think（suppose，expect，imagine，believe等） 宾语从句”结构时，附加问句应与从句一致，单要主语陈述部分的否定转移现象：

·He said that Mary was late for the lecture，didn't he？

·I’m sure that our experiment will succeed,won’t it?

·I don't think she can finish it on own，can she？

祈使句：表请求或命令的句子叫祈使句，无时态和数的词形变化，用动词原形。

1，第二人称祈使句（通常省略主语）

·Be sure to come on time请务必按时来

·Don't ever do that again！请不要再做那样的事了！

注意：有时为了强调知名向谁提出要求或命令，主语也可表示出来，这时，主语需重读。

·You，close the window！你，关上窗户！

·Do be careful next time下次务必小心

2，第一/三人称祈使句（通常以let开头）

·Let me tell you the answer if you can't work it out

·Let’s have a rest

·Don't let anyone disturb you

·Let the children not make much noise

3，其他形式的祈使句

·No entry禁止入内

·No parking禁止停车

·No smoking禁止吸烟

·Out with it！说出来吧！

·Beg your pardon请原谅

感叹句：表喜怒哀乐等感情的句子，一般用how或what引导，how作状语修饰形容词，副词或句子；what作定语修饰名词（名词前可有形容词或冠词）：

1，how引导的感叹句：

·How beautiful a place it is多漂亮的地方啊！

·How surprising it is that you should not know what has happend

·How much I wish to join the football club！

·How you are working！你工作真卖力！

2，what 引导的感叹句：

·What a beautiful place it is！

·What interesting books you've bought us！

·What great fun surfing on the Internet is！

注意：可数名词复数/不可数名词前有形容词修饰并且在句中不作主语时，只能用what引导

·What good news it is！✔ How good news it is❌

·What great changes we have had these years ✔ How great changes we have had...❌

3，其他形式的感叹句

·They are so hard-working！（陈述句表示感情时，句尾用感叹号）

·Am I happy to see you right here！（疑问句表感情时，句尾用感叹号）

·Stop talking！（祈使句）

·Ah，that's what I need！（句首有感叹词的句子）

·Hurrah！好哇/ Good idea！好主意/For shame！真羞愧！（感叹词和短语本身）

句子结构

按此划分，有3种：简单句，并列句，复合句。

简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），句子各个成分都是由单词和短语表示。

1，主语 谓语...(S V...)

·Birds fly

·Birds fly high in the sky

·The birds are flying over the river

·He sits in the back row

2，主语 谓语 宾语（S V O)

·My father studies history

·I put the newspapers on the table

·Everybody made fun of him

·She only wants one

3，主语 连系动词 表语（S V P)

·Tom is very happy today

·It was hard to stay awake

·The cloth feels soft

· He seems sad

·The weather is becoming warmer

·They've just got married

·The poor old man went mad

·He fell ill

4，主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语（S V Oi Od）

·His hobby has brought him enjoyment

·Will you please pass me the book on the desk？

·I’ll find you a good chance

·My parents bought me a nice Christmas present

·Will you sing us a song？

5，主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语（S V O C...)

·I don't want you to work too hard

·We all call the baby Sara

·Will you ask Mary to help us？

·I can hear someone playing the violin next door

·Nobody noticed the office broken into

·He showed the guests in

并列句：有2个或多个相互并列的主谓结构的句子。并列句种各个分句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。

·Tom is not only a good basketball player，but also（he is）a good football player

·He didn't come yesterday，for he was ill

·Nancy is a secretary and she works in an office

·Julie must work hard，or she cannot go to the famous Harvard University

1，相同种类的并列分句（2个或多个并列的分句都是陈述句，疑问句，祈使句或感叹句等）

·It is a fine day and I want to go to the park

·When will you arrive and what do you want to do here？

·Take your bag away and go out right now

·What a clever boy he is and how handsome he is！

2，不同种类的并列分句

·What a fine day today and I am very happy

复合句：由1个主语和1个或多个从句构成的句子。主句是主干，从句是充当主语的某个成分的，从句在主句种可充当主语，并于，表语，同位语，定语，状语等。

·What he did made his mother angry（主语从句）

·Parents shouldn't give their children whatever they want（宾语从句）

·This is because you are too careless（表语从句）

·A doctor is a person who looks after people's health（定语从句）

·Check all your answers before you turn in your papers（状语从句）

简单句，并列句，复合句的相互转换

1，简单句与并列句的转换

·Tom is too young to go to school = Tom is very young and he can't go to school（简转并：简单句的某个短语变并列句的分句）

·She got up very early to meet her parents at the station = She wanted to meet her parents at the station，so she got up very early（简转并：简单句的某个短语变并列句的分句）

·The football match has to be delayed，for it is raining heavily = The football match has to be delayed because of the heavy rain（并转简：并列句种的分句变成简单句中的短语）

·He wanted to become a college student，so she studied hard = He studied hard so as to become a college student/To become a college student，He studied hard（并转简：并列句种的分句变成简单句中的短语）

2，并列句和复合句的转换

·I have to study harder，or I shall not catch up with my classmates = I have to study harder in order that I can catch up with my classmates / If I don't study harder，I shall not catch up with my classmates（并转复：分句转从句，并列连词转从属连词）

·Though he is very young，he knows a lot about science = He is very young，but he knows a lot about science（复转并：从句变分句）

·If we don't start off early，we'll be late for the first bus = Start off early，or we'll be late for the first bus（复转并：从句变分句）

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