考研阅读第二十题（考研阅读理解B部分大纲样题分析选择搭配题）

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考研阅读第二十题

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Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank . There are two extra choices , which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Long betore Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today , others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41.___________. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of ananimal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land , often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate .

42.____________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals , birds ,and insects of which we know nothing.

42___________.

Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

43._________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs,one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swiming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lensens. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

44__________.Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animals.As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one.Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

45________.

About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out.The mamals quickly developed,and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

[B] Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils.From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked,the kind of food they ate.

[C] The first animals with true bakbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million year ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant,sometimes 8 feet long,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam,or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land,in the sea,and in the air.

[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

[&] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea.Later forms are more complex,and among these are the sea-lilies,relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud.If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud.More and More mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals,dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression,or simply reduced to a more stable form.

一、文章结构总体分析

本文是一篇科普性文章，指出化石是研究史前动物的依据，并介绍了通过化石了解到的动物的进

化过程。

第一、二段人类通过化石可以准确了解已经灭绝了的动物。但由于至今了解的所有化石几乎都和

水流作用有关，因此历史上应该存在过许多人类尚未知晓的其他动物。

第三、四、五、六段：通过化石了解到的动物的进化过程：从构造简单的海洋生物到人类所熟悉的乳动物的进化。

选项内容：[A]有壳的鱼类历史悠久、为人类所熟悉[B]通过化石人类可清楚地了解那些动物[C]从鱼类到两栖动物再到爬行动物[D]最好的标准化石是海洋生物[E]化石从构造单一的海洋生物到结构复杂的海洋生物[F]动物的尸体在湖泊或海洋里被淤泥掩埋，然后形成化石[G]很多因素会影响化石的保存

二、试题具体分析

1.[答案]B

[解析]本题考核的知识点是：段落主题十句子之间逻辑关系。

这个题目是五个题目中唯一空白不在段首的。它的空格在第一段的中间，必然在该段中起到承上

启下的作用。上文大意是很多在人类之前出现在地球上的生物现在已经灭绝了。下文大意是岩层(the roks)能帮助人类了解已经灭绝了的动物及它们生存的环境。根据上下文可以确定该段的主题是探讨灭绝的动物和岩层之间的联系。因此可预测空格处的内容应和这个主题相关，逻辑上为转折关系，即“虽然动物灭绝了，但还有化石证明它们的存在”。上文中表否定的词语extinct和no descendant与下文

中表肯定的词语accurate和mch之间的呼应表明了这种转折。A选项虽然提到the rock,但将动物具体化到the shell fish,与下文内容不符，排除。B选项中出现表转折的逻辑词nevertheless和关键词the rocks.若把该选项代入原文中，则句中第一个代词them指上文中的other animals(that are)now extinct。因此B选项从内容、逻辑上都符合需要，是正确选项。其他也提到the roak(s)的选项C、E,G都不是探讨它与灭绝动物的关系，不符合段落主题

2.[答案]E

[解析]本考核的知识点是:下文的新信息。

本题中的空格出我在第二段段首，既可能是第二段的主题句，也可能是第一段内容与空格后面内容的衔接部分，与上文有一定的连惯性，又与下文中的重点提示信息相关联。上文谈到岩层有利于人类了解已灭绝的动物，下文大意是由于动物化石是通过水流作用面保存下来的，因此存在过许多人类尚未知晓的非水生或亲水动物。其中提到的新的关键信息是water action。最大的干扰项是G选项，因为它一开始就有和该段相同的内容fossil are preserved。但是该选项的内容是指出很多因素都会影化石的保存，即:有机物的残骸可能被矿物所替代，接着被酸性溶液所溶解，只留下残骸的印记，或者只是还原到一种更稳定的形态。显然这些内容与下文毫无关联。只有F选项提到动物的尸体都会被冲到湖泊或海洋形成化石，其中carried away by stream...covered up by mud就是water action,因此是正确答案。此题难度较大，可以采取先解答其他题的策略。

3.[答案]E

[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文的衔接十结构上的呼应。

和上一题一样，这一题里空格出现在第三段段首，因此应该与上下文的内容相衔接。上文提到动物化石大多都是水生或亲水动物，下文介绍蟹类生物的特性。特别注意下文第一句话中的there were also...,表示含义上的递。由于蟹类生物是水生动物，可以预测空格处的内容不会超出水生动物这个话题。这样可入选的答案只有A,E选项，其他选项要么未涉及这个话题，要么超出这个话题。把两个选项分别代入，E选项中出现了there are the sea-lilies与下文的there were also...相呼应，是最佳答

案。整个第三段的内容从介绍单一的海洋生物到复杂的海洋生物，从海百合到蟹类，层层推进。

4.[答]A

[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文的衔按十段落主题。

本题的空格在第四段段首。上文介绍蟹类生物的特性，下文介绍了一种称为菊石的动物的特性。

因此空格处的作用只是由一种动物的介绍过渡到另一种动物的介绍。符合条件的只有A,C选项。从下文中出现的新信息shell,又可以确定正确答案是A选项。这样空格处既是第三、四段的过渡，又是第四段的主题句。整个第四段是对有壳的鱼类的介绍，并以菊石为例。

5.[答案]C

[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文的衔接。

本题空格在第五段段首。上文是对一种有壳生物菊石的介绍，下文则提到了爬行生物和哺乳动物，期间跨越较大。因此预测空格处应弥补这种信息上的空缺，既能够承接有壳的水生动物的话题，又能够引出爬行动物时代结束这样的内容。显然正确答案是C选项，它介绍了从鱼类到爬行动物的进化过程，其中的reptiles与下文的the Age of Reptiles衔接得很恰当。

三、全文翻译

早在人类出现以前，地球上就已经出现了鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类、昆虫类和一些哺乳动物。虽然它们中有一些是现代物种的祖先，但是另一些现在却已经灭绝了，即它们已经有后代存活下来了。然而，我们仍然对它们大多数都非常了解，因为它们的骨骼和硬壳已经被保留在岩层中成为化石。从化石中，我们可以了解到这些动物的大小、形状，以及它们是怎样行走的，它们以何种食物为生。[B]极其偶然地岩层里还会显现出动物肌肤的纹理，于是除了颜色外，我们可以相当准确地构想出一种已消亡几百万年的动物。这种发现了动物残骸的岩层可以体现很多原始大陆的特性，通常是其上生长的植被，甚至有关气候的状况。

当某个动物死去后，它的尸体（包括骨头或外壳）通常可能会被溪流冲进湖泊或海洋，在那里被淤泥覆盖起来。要是这种动物生活在海里，它的尸体可能会沉到海底被淤泥掩埋。淤泥一层层地堆积直至其骨头或外壳嵌入石头并被保存下来。[F]我们了解的所有化石几乎都保存于由水流作用而形成的岩层中，而其中大部分化石是由水生动物或亲水动物成的。由此可见还存在过许多我们尚未知晓的哺乳乳动物，鸟类和昆虫类。

已发掘到残骸的最早期动物都是构造单一的海洋生物。往后的物种则结构更为复杂，其中包括海

百合，它们是海星的近亲，带有长长的触手，可以通过其长柄吸附在海底或岩层上。[E]还有蟹类生物，其身体覆盖一层角质层物质。每一体节都长出了两对脚，一对用来在沙质的海底上行走，另一对用来游泳。其头部是一种甲片，带有一对复眼，其中常有数千个晶体。其身体长度大多为一至两英寸，但有些也能长两英尺。

水生有壳动物在岩层中有着悠久的历史，而且许多不同的种类已被人类知晓。[A]在这些动物中，菊石既非常有趣又很重要。它的身体上有个由许多孔穴构成的硬壳，每个孔代表着它的一个临时住所。随着年幼者长大，它会长出一个新的孔穴，并将之前长出主来的个封闭。在多塞特海岸的岩层里可以看见成千上万个这样的孔穴。

最早的有脊椎类生物是鱼类,最初是发现在距今三亿七千五百万年前的岩层中。大约三亿年前,两栖动物出现了。它们既能生活在水里又能生活在陆地上。它们身形巨大,有的可达八英尺之长,其中许多生活在形成我们煤层的沼泽滩里。两栖动物进化成爬行动物,且在将近一亿五千万年间,他们是生活在陆地上、海洋里以及天空中的主要生命形式。[C]

大约七千五百万年前,爬行生物纪元结束了,其大部分物种已经灭绝。而哺乳动物进化迅速,我们可以追许多熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。许多后来的哺乳动物,现在虽然已经灭绝了,但却为原始人类所熟悉,并将其用壁画和骨雕勾勒出来。

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